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Atlantic Air Defense force

Толкование Перевод

1 Atlantic Air Defense force

Военный термин: силы и средства Атлантической зоны ПВО (НАТО)

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Atlantic Air Defense force
2 Atlantic Air Defense force

силы и средства Атлантической зоны ПВО ( НАТО)

English-Russian military dictionary > Atlantic Air Defense force
3 force(s)

сила; группа; группировка; формирования; части и соединения [подразделения]; мор. отряд; соединение; pl. войска, силы; вооруженные силы, ВС; форсировать

ACE mobile force(s), Air — мобильные ВВС ОВС НАТО в Европе

ACE mobile force(s), Land — мобильные СВ ОВС НАТО в Европе

Air forces, Gulf — Бр. ВВС в районе Персидского залива

Air forces, Northern Army Group BBC — Северной группы армий (ОВС НАТО в Европе)

Allied forces, Central [Northern, Southern] Europe — ОВС НАТО на Центрально-Европейском [Северо-Европейском, Южно-Европейском] ТВД

Allied forces, Europe OBC — НАТО в Европе

Allied Land forces, Northern [Southern] Europe — ОСВ НАТО на Северо-Европейском [Южно-Европейском] ТВД

Allied Naval forces, Northern [Southern] Europe — ОВМС НАТО на Северо-Европейском [Южно-Европейском] ТВД

carrier submarine detection [search] and striking force — ПЛ авианосная поисково-ударная группа

earmarked (for assignment) forces — войска [силы], выделенные [предназначенные] для передачи в оперативное подчинение (командования НАТО)

insert a force (into the area) — высаживать десант; десантировать (часть, подразделение)

Marine (Corps) land combat forces — наземные боевые силы МП

Marine (Corps) operating forces — оперативные силы МП

Mobile ACE force (Land) — сухопутный компонент мобильных сил ОВС НАТО в Европе

mobile logistical (support) force — соединение сил [судов] подвижного тылового обеспечения (ВМС)

mobile logistics (support) force — соединение сил [судов] подвижного тылового обеспечения (ВМС)

NATO-earmarked (for assignment) forces — войска, выделенные [предназначенные] для передачи в оперативное подчинение командования НАТО

On-Call Naval force, Mediterranean — оперативное соединение ОВМС НАТО на Средиземном море для действий по вызову

rapid deployment force, Air — авиационный компонент СВР

rapid deployment force, Army — сухопутный компонент СВР

rapid deployment force, Navy — военноморской компонент СВР

special service force (mobile command) — Кан. группа войск специального назначения (мобильного командования)

Standing Naval force, Atlantic — постоянное оперативное соединение ОВМС НАТО на Атлантике

UN Peace Keeping forces, Cyprus — ВС ООН по поддержанию мира на Кипре

US forces, Europe — ВС США в Европейской зоне

— ACE mobile forces

— active duty force

— active duty ground forces

— active forces

— active strategic airlift forces

— ad hoc force

— advance covering force

— advanced force

— aeronuclear force

— aerospace forces

— Aerospace Security force

— Aerospace Special Operations forces

— Aerospace Strategic Defensive forces

— air and missile defense forces

— air assault forces

— air base forces

— air cavalry forces

— air combat forces

— air defense force

— Air Fleet Marine forces

— Air Force forces

— Air Force general purpose combat forces

— air force

— Air forces

— air intelligence force

— air logistics forces

— air maneuver forces

— air materiel forces

— air mechanized forces

— air mobility forces

— Air Self-Defense force

— air service forces

— Air Special forces

— air striking force

— air support force

— air transport force

— air transported force

— airborne fighting force

— airborne force

— aircraft alert force

— aircraft carrier strike force

— airlift force

— airlift mine-sweeping forces

— air-mission force

— airmobile forces

— airmobile reaction force

— airmobile search force

— airspace forces

— alarm force

— alert force

— Allied Air forces OBBC

— Allied Atlantic forces OBC

— Allied Canadian forces

— allied expeditionary forces

— allied force

— Allied forces OBC

— Allied mobile forces

— Allied mobile nuclear forces

— Allied Naval Attack forces

— Allied Naval forces OBMC

— Allied On-Call Naval force

— Allied Tactical Air force

— all-nuclear submarine force

— all-regular forces

— All-Volunteer forces

— ambush force

— amphibious assault force

— amphibious invasion forces

— amphibious striking forces

— antiaircraft carrier force

— antiguerilla forces

— antimissile force

— antisabotage force

— antisubmarine attack carrier force

— antisubmarine force

— antiterrorist forces

— area damage control forces

— Armed forces of the Crown

— Armed forces of the US

— Armed forces

— armored forces

— armored ground-gaining forces

— armoured breaching force

— Army air defense forces

— Army Cadet forces

— Army combat forces

— army field forces

— Army forces

— Army general purpose combat forces

— Army Group Air forces

— Army land forces

— Army landing force

— Army light forces

— assault force

— assault landing forces

— assigned forces

— ASW forces

— ASW strategic defensive forces

— Atlantic Air Defense force

— Atlantic force

— attack force

— attack helicopter task force

— attack submarine force

— augmentation forces

— augmentation reserve force

— auxiliary cadet forces

— auxiliary forces

— auxiliary naval force

— aviation engineer force

— backup alert force

— backup forces

— balanced collective forces

— balanced forces

— barrier forces

— base defense force

— base force

— baseline force

— battle tank force

— battlefield forces

— blocking force

— blue forces

— blue-water force

— BM force

— bomber force

— bomber-missile force

— border-security forces

— breaching force

— breakthrough force

— bridgehead covering forces

— British forces

— build-up force

— build-up forces

— capital intensive forces

— career intensive force

— carrier air forces

— carrier battle force

— carrier force

— carrier search and attack force

— carrier striking force

— carrier-based naval air forces

— cat's-paw force

— Central Air Defense force

— citizens military forces

— civilian work force

— clandestine forces

— clerical stenographic force

— coalition forces

— coast missile/cannon forces

— coastal force

— collective forces OBC

— combat air force

— combat engineer forces

— combat force

— combat logistics forces

— combat maneuver force

— combat support and service forces

— combat support forces

— combative force

— combined air forces

— Combined Cadet force

— combined force

— combined land forces

— combined naval forces

— combined service forces

— commando force

— committed force

— Commonwealth Military forces

— communications and electronics forces

— composite air strike force

— contact force

— containing force

— contingency force

— conventional armed forces

— corps group force

— counterforce-capable forces

— counterinsurgency forces

— counterintelligence force

— countermove force

— counterpenetration force

— counterstrike force

— covering force

— covert forces

— credible strategic deterrent forces

— crossing force

— cruiser-destroyer force

— custodian force

— cutoff force

— cutting edge forces

— D-day forces

— deep penetration forces

— defending force

— defense forces

— defensive air force

— defensive forces

— delaying force

— deployable forces

— deployed forces

— destruction force

— detached force

— deterrent forces

— deterrent-oriented nuclear forces

— development forces

— direct pressure forces

— disengagement forces

— district forces

— divert forces from

— division ready force

— divisional forces

— draw off enemy forces

— dual-based forces

— dual-capable forces

— dual-purpose forces

— early readiness forces

— earmarked for assignment on mobilization forces

— economize forces on one front

— economy force

— effective forces

— emergency reaction forces

— emergency recovery forces

— encircling force

— enemy-oriented force

— enhanced combined arms force

— enveloping force

— erode enemy forces

— escort forces

— establish a force ashore

— European Defense forces

— European nuclear forces

— European theater ground forces

— Eurostrategic nuclear forces

— EW forces

— execute force

— expeditionary forces

— expeditionary lodgement forces

— experimental naval forces

— exploiting force

— external force

— extraterrestrial defense forces

— extraterritorial intervention forces

— fast carrier force

— fast landing force

— field force

— field forces

— field tactical force

— fighter bomber attack force

— firing reconnaissance force

— fixing force

— flank covering force

— Fleet Marine Air force

— Fleet Marine force

— Fleet Submarine forces

— Fleet Surface forces

— fleet-based air force

— flexible response force

— flying forces

— follow and support forces

— follow-on forces

— follow-up forces

— footmobile forces

— force back

— force down

— force of arms

— force off

— force out

— forces allocated to NATO

— forces from outside the area

— forces with colours

— foreign-stationed forces

— forward area defensive forces

— forward combat forces

— forward forces

— forward frontier defense forces

— forward tactically committed forces

— forward-based forces

— fragment forces

— friendly forces

— frontier-guarding force

— front-line forces

— garrison forces

— general covering force

— general nuclear war force

— general purpose forces

— general purpose strategic forces

— general support forces

— ground combat forces

— ground forces

— ground mobile forces

— ground-gaining forces

— guard force

— guerrilla force

— Gurkha field force

— heliborne forces

— helicopter assault force

— Her Majesty forces

— high-mix force

— holding force

— Home Defence Air force

— Home Defence forces

— Home forces

— Home Service forces

— hunter-killer force

— hydrofoil assault force

— immediate reaction force

— immediate ready force

— immediate reserve forces

— in force

— incoming force

— indigenous forces

— infantry force

— initial protective forces

— initial reaction forces

— in-place forces

— instant-reaction forces

— insurgent paramilitary forces

— insurgent tactical forces

— integrated combined arms force

— Interallied Nuclear force

— intercontinental attack forces

— intercontinental forces

— intermediate range nuclear forces

— international forces

— international military forces

— International Peace force

— interservice force

— intervention forces

— invading force

— invasion force

— investing force

— invulnerable second strike forces

— irregular forces

— Joint Air Defense force

— joint expeditionary force

— joint forces

— Joint NATO forces

— joint nuclear forces

— joint unconventional warfare forces

— land forces

— Land Marine forces

— land special security forces

— land-based air forces

— land-based force

— land-based naval air force

— land-based strategic missile forces

— land-based strategic offensive forces

— landing force

— left-in-contact forces

— light naval forces

— linked-up force

— link-up force

— local forces

— local police forces

— lodgement forces

— logistics support forces

— long-range attack forces

— long-range nuclear strike force

— long-range theater nuclear forces

— MAC force

— main attack force

— main battle area forces

— main battle forces

— main defensive forces

— main fighting forces

— major allied force

— major forces

— makeshift force

— maneuver and exploitation force

— maneuver force

— maneuvering force

— maneuver-oriented force

— Marine Air forces

— Marine amphibious force

— Marine Corps operating forces not otherwise assigned

— Marine Corps Security forces

— Marine Corps Service forces

— Marine Defense forces

— Marine expeditionary force

— Marine ground forces

— maritime forces

— maritime response force

— Maritime Self-Defense force

— massed threat armor force

— master-at-arms force

— match forces

— M-day forces

— M-day mobile ground forces

— mechanized force

— member air forces

— member forces

— Middle East force

— military air forces

— military airlift forces

— military force

— mine-sweeping forces

— missile defense forces

— missile force

— mixed fighter force

— mixed force

— mixed silo-mobile field launcher missile forces

— mobile air forces

— mobile AT force

— mobile counterattack forces

— mobile exploiting forces

— mobile forces

— mobile forward forces

— mobile land forces

— mobile maritime forces

— mobile nuclear forces

— mobile striking force

— mobile support force

— mobile world-wide striking force

— mobility forces

— mobility support forces

— mobilization forces

— motorized rifle forces

— mountain infantry forces

— mounted force

— multilateral forces

— multilateral nuclear forces

— multimission forces

— multinational forces

— multinational ground forces

— multinational naval force

— multinational naval patrol forces

— multiple-based BM force

— multipurpose aircraft carrier force

— multipurpose forces

— multithreat force

— named air force

— National forces

— National Reserve forces

— NATO airborne early warning forces

— NATO forces

— NATO Naval Attack forces

— NATO Nuclear forces

— NATO Standing Naval force

— NATO Theater Nuclear Weapons forces

— NATO-assigned forces

— NATO-command forces

— NATO-committed forces

— naval air forces

— naval assault force

— Naval Attack and Support force

— naval emergency ground defense force

— naval force

— Naval forces

— naval local defense forces

— Naval Mobile Support forces

— naval operating forces

— naval power projection forces

— naval presence forces

— naval surface force

— Navy Special forces

— NBC forces

— near-term prepositioned force

— near-term prepositioning force

— New Defensive Nuclear forces

— non-aligned forces

— non-allocated forces

— non-ICBM forces

— non-NATO forces

— nonnuclear forces

— nonorganic forces

— non-US NATO forces

— Northern Air Defense force

— notional force

— nuclear capable forces

— nuclear delivery forces

— nuclear deterrent forces

— nuclear forces of tactical range category

— nuclear forces

— nuclear military forces

— Nuclear Missile Submarine force

— nuclear reprisal forces

— nuclear retaliation forces

— nuclear retaliatory forces

— nuclear strike and attack forces

— nuclear striking force

— nuclear-nonnuclear force

— numbered air force

— numerically superior forces

— observer forces

— occupation force

— offensive air force

— offensive forces

— offensive-oriented forces

— office force

— on-call force

— on-call search-strike ASW forces

— one-shot force

— on-line forces

— operating forces

— operational development forces

— operational forces

— operational strategic nuclear forces

— opposing forces

— orange forces

— organic forces

— other forces for NATO

— outpost forces

— overseas Armed forces

— overseas operations striking forces

— overt irregular force

— own forces

— Pacific Air force

— packaged forces

— Parachute Contingency force

— paramilitary forces

— paramilitary police forces

— peace-keeping forces

— phase forces into the objective area

— pit forces

— pivot force

— police force

— power projection forces

— preemptive counter force

— primary action force

— professional volunteer forces

— protect force

— proxy forces

— public school cadet force

— pure tank force

— quadripartite forces

— quantitatively superior forces

— quasi-military force

— quick deployment forces

— quick reaction alert fighter force

— quick reaction alert forces

— quick-reaction aircraft carrier forces

— quick-reaction forces

— quick-strike forces

— radar hunter-killer force

— RAF general purpose combat forces

— raiding force

— rapid defense force

— rapid deployment force standby forces

— rapid deployment force

— rapid response air-ground task force

— rapidly deployable Army combat forces

— rapid-reaction forces

— reaction force

— readiness force

— ready reserve force

— rear area security forces

— rear covering force

— reconnaissance air force

— reconstitute forces

— recycle forces

— red forces

— reflex forces

— regional forces

— regional nuclear forces

— Regular Air forces

— regular forces

— reinforcement force

— reinforcing force

— relief force

— reserve force

— residual forces

— residual ground forces in the area

— response forces

— responsive forces

— restricted force

— retaliatory forces

— river assault interdiction forces

— riverine force

— robot air force

— Royal Air force

— Royal Auxiliary Air forces

— Royal Marine amphibious forces

— Royal Marine Commando forces

— rupture force

— satellite forces

— scouting force

— scrap force

— screening force

— sea frontier forces

— sea-based forces

— sea-communications protection forces

— sea-control forces

— sea-denial forces

— sea-lane protection forces

— sealift force

— search and strike force

— second echelon forces

— second echelon maneuver forces

— security assistance force

— security forces

— service force

— sign up with the forces

— signal force

— silo forces

— similar-type forces

— single-strike force

— skeleton forces

— Southern Air Defense forces

— special action forces

— special air warfare forces

— special boat forces

— special forces for emergency employment

— special landing forces

— Special Mission forces

— special operating forces

— special reinforcement forces

— special use forces

— specialist reinforcement force

— split up forces

— standby forces

— standing forces

— standing naval force

— Standing Reserve force

— stationary missile forces

— stave enemy forces

— strategic air forces

— strategic airlift forces

— strategic Army forces CB

— strategic aviation forces

— strategic defensive force

— strategic deterrent forces

— strategic forces

— strategic lift forces

— strategic missile forces

— strategic mobile forces

— strategic mobility forces

— strategic nuclear forces

— strategic offensive forces

— strategic projection forces

— strategic reserve engineer forces

— strategic reserve forces

— strategic retaliatory forces

— strategic striking forces

— strategic survival forces

— strategic/tactical nuclear force

— Strike Command tanker force

— strike force

— subconventional force

— submarine forces

— submarine striking forces

— submerged forces

— superior forces

— supervisory forces

— supply forces

— support forces

— supporting air forces

— supporting forces

— suppression forces

— suppression strike force

— surface assault force

— surface combatant forces

— surface striking force

— surrogate forces

— survivable retaliatory forces

— survival forces

— swing forces

— switch forces

— tactical air force

— tactical air strike force

— tactical airborne force

— tactical forces

— tactical nuclear-capable forces

— tactical reinforcement forces

— tactical theater nuclear forces

— tactically committed forces

— tank destroyer forces

— tank force

— tanker force

— task air force

— task force

— territorial forces

— territorial security forces

— theater air defense forces

— Theater Allied Air forces

— Theater Allied forces

— Theater Allied Land forces

— Theater Allied Naval forces

— theater forces

— theater nuclear forces

— threat forces

— tie-down forces

— token force

— Total forces

— transport air force

— trip wire forces

— troop forces

— troop-carrier force

— truce forces

— turning force

— type force

— UK Air forces

— UK Land forces CB

— UK Mobile force

— UN Disengagement Observer forces

— UN Emergency forces

— UN Interim force in Lebanon

— uncommitted force

— unconventional warfare forces

— unengaged forces

— unilateral forces

— uniservice force

— united forces

— universal cover force

— US Air forces

— US Armed forces

— vacuum forces

— visiting armed force

— voluntary reserve forces

— war-limiting forces

— wartime augmentation force

— withdrawing force

— Women's Auxiliary Air force

English-Russian military dictionary > force(s)
4 force(s)

сила; группа; группировка; формирования; части и соединения [подразделения]; мор. отряд; соединение; pl. войска, силы; вооруженные силы, ВС; форсировать

ACE mobile force(s), Air — мобильные ВВС ОВС НАТО в Европе

ACE mobile force(s), Land — мобильные СВ ОВС НАТО в Европе

Air forces, Gulf — Бр. ВВС в районе Персидского залива

Air forces, Northern Army Group BBC — Северной группы армий (ОВС НАТО в Европе)

Allied forces, Central [Northern, Southern] Europe — ОВС НАТО на Центрально-Европейском [Северо-Европейском, Южно-Европейском] ТВД

Allied forces, Europe OBC — НАТО в Европе

Allied Land forces, Northern [Southern] Europe — ОСВ НАТО на Северо-Европейском [Южно-Европейском] ТВД

Allied Naval forces, Northern [Southern] Europe — ОВМС НАТО на Северо-Европейском [Южно-Европейском] ТВД

carrier submarine detection [search] and striking force — ПЛ авианосная поисково-ударная группа

earmarked (for assignment) forces — войска [силы], выделенные [предназначенные] для передачи в оперативное подчинение (командования НАТО)

insert a force (into the area) — высаживать десант; десантировать (часть, подразделение)

Marine (Corps) land combat forces — наземные боевые силы МП

Marine (Corps) operating forces — оперативные силы МП

Mobile ACE force (Land) — сухопутный компонент мобильных сил ОВС НАТО в Европе

mobile logistical (support) force — соединение сил [судов] подвижного тылового обеспечения (ВМС)

mobile logistics (support) force — соединение сил [судов] подвижного тылового обеспечения (ВМС)

NATO-earmarked (for assignment) forces — войска, выделенные [предназначенные] для передачи в оперативное подчинение командования НАТО

On-Call Naval force, Mediterranean — оперативное соединение ОВМС НАТО на Средиземном море для действий по вызову

rapid deployment force, Air — авиационный компонент СВР

rapid deployment force, Army — сухопутный компонент СВР

rapid deployment force, Navy — военноморской компонент СВР

special service force (mobile command) — Кан. группа войск специального назначения (мобильного командования)

Standing Naval force, Atlantic — постоянное оперативное соединение ОВМС НАТО на Атлантике

UN Peace Keeping forces, Cyprus — ВС ООН по поддержанию мира на Кипре

US forces, Europe — ВС США в Европейской зоне

— ACE mobile forces

— active duty force

— active duty ground forces

— active forces

— active strategic airlift forces

— ad hoc force

— advance covering force

— advanced force

— aeronuclear force

— aerospace forces

— Aerospace Security force

— Aerospace Special Operations forces

— Aerospace Strategic Defensive forces

— air and missile defense forces

— air assault forces

— air base forces

— air cavalry forces

— air combat forces

— air defense force

— Air Fleet Marine forces

— Air Force forces

— Air Force general purpose combat forces

— air force

— Air forces

— air intelligence force

— air logistics forces

— air maneuver forces

— air materiel forces

— air mechanized forces

— air mobility forces

— Air Self-Defense force

— air service forces

— Air Special forces

— air striking force

— air support force

— air transport force

— air transported force

— airborne fighting force

— airborne force

— aircraft alert force

— aircraft carrier strike force

— airlift force

— airlift mine-sweeping forces

— air-mission force

— airmobile forces

— airmobile reaction force

— airmobile search force

— airspace forces

— alarm force

— alert force

— Allied Air forces OBBC

— Allied Atlantic forces OBC

— Allied Canadian forces

— allied expeditionary forces

— allied force

— Allied forces OBC

— Allied mobile forces

— Allied mobile nuclear forces

— Allied Naval Attack forces

— Allied Naval forces OBMC

— Allied On-Call Naval force

— Allied Tactical Air force

— all-nuclear submarine force

— all-regular forces

— All-Volunteer forces

— ambush force

— amphibious assault force

— amphibious invasion forces

— amphibious striking forces

— antiaircraft carrier force

— antiguerilla forces

— antimissile force

— antisabotage force

— antisubmarine attack carrier force

— antisubmarine force

— antiterrorist forces

— area damage control forces

— Armed forces of the Crown

— Armed forces of the US

— Armed forces

— armored forces

— armored ground-gaining forces

— armoured breaching force

— Army air defense forces

— Army Cadet forces

— Army combat forces

— army field forces

— Army forces

— Army general purpose combat forces

— Army Group Air forces

— Army land forces

— Army landing force

— Army light forces

— assault force

— assault landing forces

— assigned forces

— ASW forces

— ASW strategic defensive forces

— Atlantic Air Defense force

— Atlantic force

— attack force

— attack helicopter task force

— attack submarine force

— augmentation forces

— augmentation reserve force

— auxiliary cadet forces

— auxiliary forces

— auxiliary naval force

— aviation engineer force

— backup alert force

— backup forces

— balanced collective forces

— balanced forces

— barrier forces

— base defense force

— base force

— baseline force

— battle tank force

— battlefield forces

— blocking force

— blue forces

— blue-water force

— BM force

— bomber force

— bomber-missile force

— border-security forces

— breaching force

— breakthrough force

— bridgehead covering forces

— British forces

— build-up force

— build-up forces

— capital intensive forces

— career intensive force

— carrier air forces

— carrier battle force

— carrier force

— carrier search and attack force

— carrier striking force

— carrier-based naval air forces

— cat's-paw force

— Central Air Defense force

— citizens military forces

— civilian work force

— clandestine forces

— clerical stenographic force

— coalition forces

— coast missile/cannon forces

— coastal force

— collective forces OBC

— combat air force

— combat engineer forces

— combat force

— combat logistics forces

— combat maneuver force

— combat support and service forces

— combat support forces

— combative force

— combined air forces

— Combined Cadet force

— combined force

— combined land forces

— combined naval forces

— combined service forces

— commando force

— committed force

— Commonwealth Military forces

— communications and electronics forces

— composite air strike force

— contact force

— containing force

— contingency force

— conventional armed forces

— corps group force

— counterforce-capable forces

— counterinsurgency forces

— counterintelligence force

— countermove force

— counterpenetration force

— counterstrike force

— covering force

— covert forces

— credible strategic deterrent forces

— crossing force

— cruiser-destroyer force

— custodian force

— cutoff force

— cutting edge forces

— D-day forces

— deep penetration forces

— defending force

— defense forces

— defensive air force

— defensive forces

— delaying force

— deployable forces

— deployed forces

— destruction force

— detached force

— deterrent forces

— deterrent-oriented nuclear forces

— development forces

— direct pressure forces

— disengagement forces

— district forces

— divert forces from

— division ready force

— divisional forces

— draw off enemy forces

— dual-based forces

— dual-capable forces

— dual-purpose forces

— early readiness forces

— earmarked for assignment on mobilization forces

— economize forces on one front

— economy force

— effective forces

— emergency reaction forces

— emergency recovery forces

— encircling force

— enemy-oriented force

— enhanced combined arms force

— enveloping force

— erode enemy forces

— escort forces

— establish a force ashore

— European Defense forces

— European nuclear forces

— European theater ground forces

— Eurostrategic nuclear forces

— EW forces

— execute force

— expeditionary forces

— expeditionary lodgement forces

— experimental naval forces

— exploiting force

— external force

— extraterrestrial defense forces

— extraterritorial intervention forces

— fast carrier force

— fast landing force

— field force

— field forces

— field tactical force

— fighter bomber attack force

— firing reconnaissance force

— fixing force

— flank covering force

— Fleet Marine Air force

— Fleet Marine force

— Fleet Submarine forces

— Fleet Surface forces

— fleet-based air force

— flexible response force

— flying forces

— follow and support forces

— follow-on forces

— follow-up forces

— footmobile forces

— force back

— force down

— force of arms

— force off

— force out

— forces allocated to NATO

— forces from outside the area

— forces with colours

— foreign-stationed forces

— forward area defensive forces

— forward combat forces

— forward forces

— forward frontier defense forces

— forward tactically committed forces

— forward-based forces

— fragment forces

— friendly forces

— frontier-guarding force

— front-line forces

— garrison forces

— general covering force

— general nuclear war force

— general purpose forces

— general purpose strategic forces

— general support forces

— ground combat forces

— ground forces

— ground mobile forces

— ground-gaining forces

— guard force

— guerrilla force

— Gurkha field force

— heliborne forces

— helicopter assault force

— Her Majesty forces

— high-mix force

— holding force

— Home Defence Air force

— Home Defence forces

— Home forces

— Home Service forces

— hunter-killer force

— hydrofoil assault force

— immediate reaction force

— immediate ready force

— immediate reserve forces

— in force

— incoming force

— indigenous forces

— infantry force

— initial protective forces

— initial reaction forces

— in-place forces

— instant-reaction forces

— insurgent paramilitary forces

— insurgent tactical forces

— integrated combined arms force

— Interallied Nuclear force

— intercontinental attack forces

— intercontinental forces

— intermediate range nuclear forces

— international forces

— international military forces

— International Peace force

— interservice force

— intervention forces

— invading force

— invasion force

— investing force

— invulnerable second strike forces

— irregular forces

— Joint Air Defense force

— joint expeditionary force

— joint forces

— Joint NATO forces

— joint nuclear forces

— joint unconventional warfare forces

— land forces

— Land Marine forces

— land special security forces

— land-based air forces

— land-based force

— land-based naval air force

— land-based strategic missile forces

— land-based strategic offensive forces

— landing force

— left-in-contact forces

— light naval forces

— linked-up force

— link-up force

— local forces

— local police forces

— lodgement forces

— logistics support forces

— long-range attack forces

— long-range nuclear strike force

— long-range theater nuclear forces

— MAC force

— main attack force

— main battle area forces

— main battle forces

— main defensive forces

— main fighting forces

— major allied force

— major forces

— makeshift force

— maneuver and exploitation force

— maneuver force

— maneuvering force

— maneuver-oriented force

— Marine Air forces

— Marine amphibious force

— Marine Corps operating forces not otherwise assigned

— Marine Corps Security forces

— Marine Corps Service forces

— Marine Defense forces

— Marine expeditionary force

— Marine ground forces

— maritime forces

— maritime response force

— Maritime Self-Defense force

— massed threat armor force

— master-at-arms force

— match forces

— M-day forces

— M-day mobile ground forces

— mechanized force

— member air forces

— member forces

— Middle East force

— military air forces

— military airlift forces

— military force

— mine-sweeping forces

— missile defense forces

— missile force

— mixed fighter force

— mixed force

— mixed silo-mobile field launcher missile forces

— mobile air forces

— mobile AT force

— mobile counterattack forces

— mobile exploiting forces

— mobile forces

— mobile forward forces

— mobile land forces

— mobile maritime forces

— mobile nuclear forces

— mobile striking force

— mobile support force

— mobile world-wide striking force

— mobility forces

— mobility support forces

— mobilization forces

— motorized rifle forces

— mountain infantry forces

— mounted force

— multilateral forces

— multilateral nuclear forces

— multimission forces

— multinational forces

— multinational ground forces

— multinational naval force

— multinational naval patrol forces

— multiple-based BM force

— multipurpose aircraft carrier force

— multipurpose forces

— multithreat force

— named air force

— National forces

— National Reserve forces

— NATO airborne early warning forces

— NATO forces

— NATO Naval Attack forces

— NATO Nuclear forces

— NATO Standing Naval force

— NATO Theater Nuclear Weapons forces

— NATO-assigned forces

— NATO-command forces

— NATO-committed forces

— naval air forces

— naval assault force

— Naval Attack and Support force

— naval emergency ground defense force

— naval force

— Naval forces

— naval local defense forces

— Naval Mobile Support forces

— naval operating forces

— naval power projection forces

— naval presence forces

— naval surface force

— Navy Special forces

— NBC forces

— near-term prepositioned force

— near-term prepositioning force

— New Defensive Nuclear forces

— non-aligned forces

— non-allocated forces

— non-ICBM forces

— non-NATO forces

— nonnuclear forces

— nonorganic forces

— non-US NATO forces

— Northern Air Defense force

— notional force

— nuclear capable forces

— nuclear delivery forces

— nuclear deterrent forces

— nuclear forces of tactical range category

— nuclear forces

— nuclear military forces

— Nuclear Missile Submarine force

— nuclear reprisal forces

— nuclear retaliation forces

— nuclear retaliatory forces

— nuclear strike and attack forces

— nuclear striking force

— nuclear-nonnuclear force

— numbered air force

— numerically superior forces

— observer forces

— occupation force

— offensive air force

— offensive forces

— offensive-oriented forces

— office force

— on-call force

— on-call search-strike ASW forces

— one-shot force

— on-line forces

— operating forces

— operational development forces

— operational forces

— operational strategic nuclear forces

— opposing forces

— orange forces

— organic forces

— other forces for NATO

— outpost forces

— overseas Armed forces

— overseas operations striking forces

— overt irregular force

— own forces

— Pacific Air force

— packaged forces

— Parachute Contingency force

— paramilitary forces

— paramilitary police forces

— peace-keeping forces

— phase forces into the objective area

— pit forces

— pivot force

— police force

— power projection forces

— preemptive counter force

— primary action force

— professional volunteer forces

— protect force

— proxy forces

— public school cadet force

— pure tank force

— quadripartite forces

— quantitatively superior forces

— quasi-military force

— quick deployment forces

— quick reaction alert fighter force

— quick reaction alert forces

— quick-reaction aircraft carrier forces

— quick-reaction forces

— quick-strike forces

— radar hunter-killer force

— RAF general purpose combat forces

— raiding force

— rapid defense force

— rapid deployment force standby forces

— rapid deployment force

— rapid response air-ground task force

— rapidly deployable Army combat forces

— rapid-reaction forces

— reaction force

— readiness force

— ready reserve force

— rear area security forces

— rear covering force

— reconnaissance air force

— reconstitute forces

— recycle forces

— red forces

— reflex forces

— regional forces

— regional nuclear forces

— Regular Air forces

— regular forces

— reinforcement force

— reinforcing force

— relief force

— reserve force

— residual forces

— residual ground forces in the area

— response forces

— responsive forces

— restricted force

— retaliatory forces

— river assault interdiction forces

— riverine force

— robot air force

— Royal Air force

— Royal Auxiliary Air forces

— Royal Marine amphibious forces

— Royal Marine Commando forces

— rupture force

— satellite forces

— scouting force

— scrap force

— screening force

— sea frontier forces

— sea-based forces

— sea-communications protection forces

— sea-control forces

— sea-denial forces

— sea-lane protection forces

— sealift force

— search and strike force

— second echelon forces

— second echelon maneuver forces

— security assistance force

— security forces

— service force

— sign up with the forces

— signal force

— silo forces

— similar-type forces

— single-strike force

— skeleton forces

— Southern Air Defense forces

— special action forces

— special air warfare forces

— special boat forces

— special forces for emergency employment

— special landing forces

— Special Mission forces

— special operating forces

— special reinforcement forces

— special use forces

— specialist reinforcement force

— split up forces

— standby forces

— standing forces

— standing naval force

— Standing Reserve force

— stationary missile forces

— stave enemy forces

— strategic air forces

— strategic airlift forces

— strategic Army forces CB

— strategic aviation forces

— strategic defensive force

— strategic deterrent forces

— strategic forces

— strategic lift forces

— strategic missile forces

— strategic mobile forces

— strategic mobility forces

— strategic nuclear forces

— strategic offensive forces

— strategic projection forces

— strategic reserve engineer forces

— strategic reserve forces

— strategic retaliatory forces

— strategic striking forces

— strategic survival forces

— strategic/tactical nuclear force

— Strike Command tanker force

— strike force

— subconventional force

— submarine forces

— submarine striking forces

— submerged forces

— superior forces

— supervisory forces

— supply forces

— support forces

— supporting air forces

— supporting forces

— suppression forces

— suppression strike force

— surface assault force

— surface combatant forces

— surface striking force

— surrogate forces

— survivable retaliatory forces

— survival forces

— swing forces

— switch forces

— tactical air force

— tactical air strike force

— tactical airborne force

— tactical forces

— tactical nuclear-capable forces

— tactical reinforcement forces

— tactical theater nuclear forces

— tactically committed forces

— tank destroyer forces

— tank force

— tanker force

— task air force

— task force

— territorial forces

— territorial security forces

— theater air defense forces

— Theater Allied Air forces

— Theater Allied forces

— Theater Allied Land forces

— Theater Allied Naval forces

— theater forces

— theater nuclear forces

— threat forces

— tie-down forces

— token force

— Total forces

— transport air force

— trip wire forces

— troop forces

— troop-carrier force

— truce forces

— turning force

— type force

— UK Air forces

— UK Land forces CB

— UK Mobile force

— UN Disengagement Observer forces

— UN Emergency forces

— UN Interim force in Lebanon

— uncommitted force

— unconventional warfare forces

— unengaged forces

— unilateral forces

— uniservice force

— united forces

— universal cover force

— US Air forces

— US Armed forces

— vacuum forces

— visiting armed force

— voluntary reserve forces

— war-limiting forces

— wartime augmentation force

— withdrawing force

— Women's Auxiliary Air force

English-Russian military dictionary > force(s)
5 force

сила; усилие; см. тж. effort; pl. ( войсковые) соединения или части; ( вооружённые) силы; вынуждать

Air Fleet Marine forces, Atlantic — авиация морской пехоты Атлантического флота ВМС США

Air Material force, Pacific area — армия материально-технического обеспечения ВВС США в тихоокеанской зоне

air-combat forces, naval aviation — боевые силы авиации ВМС

Allied Air forces, Central Europe — объединённые ВВС НАТО на центрально-европейском театре

Allied Air forces, Eastern Atlantic area — объединённые ВВС НАТО в восточной части Атлантики

Allied Air forces, Northern Europe — объединённые ВВС НАТО на североевропейском театре

Allied Air forces, Southern Europe — объединённые ВВС НАТО на южноевропейском театре

Allied Tactical Air force — объединённое тактическое авиационное командование НАТО

composite air strike force — смешанная оперативная ударная группа [соединение] ВВС

continental air defense force — армия ПВО континентальной части США

control force per unit of normal acceleration — расход усилий (на органах управления) на единицу нормальной перегрузки [нормального ускорения]

control system breakout force — сила [усилие] страгивания системы управления, усилие для преодоления трения покоя в проводке управления

force due to Q — усилие, создаваемое скоростным напором

forces of gas flow — газодинамические силы

marine air ground task force — оперативное соединение воздушных и наземных сил морской пехоты

Middle East Air force — Бр. ВВС на Среднем Востоке

Royal Australian Air force — ВВС Австралии

Royal Auxiliary Air force — Бр. вспомогательные ВВС

Royal Canadian Air force — ВВС Канады

stick force per «g» — градиент усилий на ручке по перегрузке

trim out control forces — снимать усилия с рычагов управления (триммером)

United States Air force — ВВС США

United States Air forces in Europe — авиационное командование США в Европе

wheel brake decelerating force — сила торможения, развиваемая колёсами

— acceleration force

— actuator force

— aerodynamic force

— aerospace force s

— aileron stick force

— air force

— air logistics force

— air material force

— Air Self-Defense force

— air striking force

— air support force

— airborne alert force

— airborne force

— aircraft alert force

— aircraft battle force

— air-defense force

— airlanding force

— Allied Air forces

— antigravitational force

— antigravlty force

— antimissile forces

— armed forces

— artificial-g force

— attraction force

— attractive force

— aviation engineer force

— aviation working force

— balanced force

— ballistic missile force

— body forces

— bomber force

— bomber protection force

— bomber-missile force

— brake force

— braking force

— carrier striking forces

— carrier task forces

— centering detent force

— cohesive force

— column force

— component force

— concentrated force

— constraining forces

— control column force

— control force

— control stick force

— Coriolis force

— correction force

— corrective force

— counteracting force

— counter-air force

— countermissile force

— cyclic force

— deceleration force

— deflecting force

— deflection force

— detent force

— deviation force

— disreef force

— disturbance force

— disturbing force

— drag force

— driving force

— effective force

— electromotive force

— elevator stick force

— enemy air force

— erection force

— exciting force

— explosive force

— field force

— fighter force

— fighting force

— follower force

— force down

— force of thrust

— force of weight

— forces of pressurization

— G force

— generalized forces

— gravitational force

— gravity force

— ground maintenance forces

— heavy force

— helicopter force

— hold disconnect force

— holdback force

— hostile air force

— hypersonic forces

— impacting force

— impulsive force

— inertia force

— in-plane force

— interceptor aircraft forces

— interceptor alert force

— interference forces

— invasion forces

— inverted G force

— isolated force

— lift force

— light force

— light pressure force

— lower-stage forces

— low-impulse ejection force

— magnetohydrodynamic force

— manned bomber force

— M-day air force

— missile nuclear forces

— mixed force

— moderate force

— naval air force

— negative G force

— n-g force

— nose-down force

— nose-up force

— numbered air force

— out-oi-balance force

— overpower force

— Pacific Air forces

— pedal force

— penetrating air force

— perturbance force

— perturbation force

— perturbative force

— pilot overpower force

— pilot's force

— pitch control force

— precessing force

— pressurizing force

— propelling force

— propulsive force

— pull force

— push force

— Q force

— q force

— reaction force

— reactive force

— recovery forces

— Regular Air force

— restraining force

— resultant force

— resulting force

— rocket forces

— roll force

— Royal Air force

— rudder pedal force

— scouting force

— separate air force

— side force

— sky force

— sloshing force

— slush drag force

— spinning force

— spring force

— stabilizer stick force

— static lift force

— steering force

— stick control force

— store forces

— strategic air force

— strategic missiles forces

— strike force

— striking force

— subsonic forces

— supersonic forces

— tactical air force

— tensile force

— tension force

— terrestrial gravity force

— test force

— theater air forces

— total aerodynamic force

— translational force

— transport force

— trim force

— - trim force

— tri-service test force

— troop-carrier force

— unit force

— untrimmed force

— viscosity force

— weather-reconnaissance force

— wheel control force

— yawing force

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > force
6 force

1. n
1) сила, мощь

2) действенность; действие, воздействие (соглашения, закона и т.п.)

3) применение силы, насилие, принуждение

4) pl войска, вооруженные силы; вооружения

5) группа

6) сила (производительная, политическая и т.п.); фактор

7) численность

8) (the Force) полиция (особ. Великобритании)

•

to abandon the use of force — отказываться от применения силы

to abstain from force — воздерживаться от применения силы

to acquire constitutional force — приобретать конституционную силу

to alert one's armed forces — приводить вооруженные силы в боевую готовность

to apply force — применять силу

to authorize the use of force — санкционировать применение силы

to avoid force — избегать применения силы

to awaken forces — пробуждать силы

to balance conventional forces — устанавливать равновесие обычных вооружений ( в Европе)

to be in force — иметь (юридическую) силу; оставаться в силе

to be the first to use force — использовать силу первым

to beef up one's military forces — укреплять свои вооруженные силы

to believe in force — быть сторонником применения насилия

to bring an agreement into force — вводить соглашение в силу

to build up military forces — наращивать военную мощь; сосредоточивать войска

to cease to be in force — утрачивать силу

to change the international balance of forces — изменять международное соотношение сил

to clear rebel forces from somewhere — очищать какой-л. район от войск мятежников

to come into force — вступать в силу

to commit US forces to the Gulf — направлять вооруженные силы США в район Персидского залива

to consolidate forces — консолидировать силы

to continue in force — оставаться в силе; действовать (о законе и т.п.)

to cut back the forces — сокращать силы

to disband / to dismantle forces — демобилизовывать / распускать войска

to distort the balance of forces — искажать соотношение сил

to do work for security forces — сотрудничать с силами безопасности

to encourage all progressive forces (to) — поощрять / поддерживать все прогрессивные силы

to endorse the use of military force — одобрять применение военной силы

to enhance the imbalance in military forces — увеличивать разрыв в вооруженных силах

to enter a city in force — брать город приступом; вводить в город крупные воинские формирования

to enter into force — вступать в силу

to expand one's armed forces — увеличивать свои вооруженные силы

to form a new invasion force — формировать интервенционный корпус

to forswear the use of force — отказываться от использования силы

to give freer rein to market forces — давать большую свободу силам рынка

to have binding force — иметь обязательную силу

to have no force — быть недействительным; не иметь силы

to improve one's defense forces — совершенствовать свои силы самообороны

to improve the safety of the UN forces — укреплять безопасность сил ООН

to join forces — объединяться; объединять силы

to join forces with smb — объединять силы с кем-л.

to join the forces — вступать в армию

to keep forces on red alert — держать вооруженные силы в состоянии повышенной боевой готовности

to limit forces — ограничивать численность войск

to lose legal force — утрачивать законную силу

to maintain military forces — содержать войска

to maintain the balance of forces — поддерживать равновесие / соотношение сил

to mandate a multinational force — санкционировать создание многонациональных сил

to mass forces — сосредоточивать войска

to modernize one's forces — модернизировать свои вооруженные силы

to order the armed forces into action — отдавать приказ войскам перейти к боевым действиям

to place forces on alert — приводить вооруженные силы в состояние боевой готовности

to put down by brutal force — подавлять грубой силой

to put in force — осуществлять, проводить в жизнь; вводить в действие

to put the armed forces on full alert — приводить вооруженные силы в состояние полной боевой готовности

to rally forces — сплачивать силы

to reduce conventional forces in / throughout Europe — сокращать количество войск и обычных вооружений в Европе

to refrain from using force — воздерживаться от применения силы

to rely on military force — полагаться на военную силу

to remain in force — оставаться в силе, действовать (о законе и т.п.)

to remove smb by force — свергать кого-л.; насильственно отстранять кого-л. от власти

to reshape one's armed forces — реорганизовывать свои вооруженные силы

to resort to force — прибегать к силе / насилию

to retaliate with military force — наносить ответный военный удар

to rule a country by sheer force — управлять страной, опираясь исключительно на силу

to seek negotiated reductions in conventional forces — добиваться сокращения обычных вооружений путем переговоров

to send an observer force into a country — направлять группу наблюдателей в страну

to send in ground forces — направлять сухопутные войска в страну

to settle smth by military force — решать что-л. с помощью применения военной силы

to set up one's own armed forces — создавать собственные вооруженные силы

to shore up forces — укреплять силы

to strengthen the forces of peace — укреплять силы мира

to suppress smth by brute force — подавлять что-л. грубой силой

to switch forces — перебрасывать вооруженные силы

to take on the peace-keeping force — принимать бой с силами по поддержанию мира

to take recourse to force — прибегать к силе / насилию

to take smth by force — захватывать что-л. силой

to thin one's forces — сокращать свои войска

to threaten force — угрожать применением силы

to trim one's forces — сокращать численность своих войск

to unite forces — объединять силы

to use force against smb — использовать силу против кого-л.

to use armed forces — использовать вооруженные силы

to use excessive force — злоупотреблять применением силы

to use reasonable force — применять силу оправданно

to weaken forces — ослаблять силы

to withdraw forces from... — выводить войска из...

- Determined Force
- accelerated development of productive forces
- active forces
- activities of forces
- actual force
- advance force
- aggressive forces
- aggressor forces
- air forces
- alignment of forces
- alliance of the forces
- allied forces
- allocation of forces
- anti-aircraft forces
- anti-colonialist forces
- anti-fascist forces
- anti-government forces
- anti-kidnap force
- anti-monopoly forces
- anti-national forces
- anti-popular forces
- anti-war forces
- armed forces of a country
- armed forces
- assault force
- Atlantic Nuclear Force
- balance of forces

- basic productive force
- binding force
- bomber forces
- border forces
- border-security forces
- brutal force
- build-up forces
- build-up of forces
- by force
- by sheer force
- carrier striking force
- Central American task force
- character of the armed forces
- coalition forces
- combatant forces
- combined forces
- Commonwealth Military Force
- competing forces
- competition forces
- compulsory force
- conditions of entry into force
- conservative forces
- consistent force
- consolidation of all forces
- contributor to the multinational force
- Conventional Force in Europe
- conventional forces
- correlation of forces
- crack forces
- cross-border force
- crude force
- deep cuts in conventional forces
- defense forces
- democratic forces
- determining force in social development
- deterrent force
- directing force
- display of force
- disquiet in the armed forces
- division of political forces
- dominant force
- economic force
- effective forces
- elemental forces of nature
- enforcement forces
- entry into force

- external force
- extraction force
- follow-on force
- force is not the answer
- force of a clause
- force of a treaty
- force of an agreement
- force of argument
- force of arms
- force of example
- force of law
- force of occupation
- force of public opinion
- force of weaponry
- force to be reckoned with
- forces in the field
- forces of aggression and war
- forces of flexible response
- forces of internal and external reaction
- forward-based forces
- free play of democratic forces
- full force of the treaty
- general purpose forces
- ground forces
- guiding force
- hired labor force
- IFOR
- in force
- in full force
- independent force
- inequitable relationship of forces
- influential force
- intermediate range forces
- international balance of forces
- international peace-keeping forces
- internationalist forces
- interplay of political forces
- interposing force
- invasion forces
- irregular forces
- joint NATO armed forces
- labor force
- land forces
- landing force
- lawful use of force
- leading force in smth
- leading force
- left-wing forces
- legal force
- liberation forces
- local forces
- logistical forces
- main force
- major force
- mandatory force
- manifestation of force
- material force
- member of a peace-keeping force
- military force
- monetary forces
- motive force
- moving force
- multilateral forces
- mutinous forces
- mutual non-use of military force
- national forces
- national liberation forces
- national political forces
- natural forces
- nature of forces
- naval forces
- noneconomic forces
- non-use of force
- nuclear forces
- nuclear strike force
- obligatory force of international treaties
- observer force
- occupation force
- occupying force
- of legal force
- on entry into force
- operation of market forces
- operational forces
- opposing forces
- organizing force
- pan-Arab force
- paramilitary forces
- patriotic forces
- peace forces
- Peace Implementation Force
- peace-keeping forces
- peace-safeguarding forces
- people's armed forces of liberation
- phased withdrawal of the forces
- police force
- policy of force
- political force
- posture of forces
- potent force
- powerful force
- professionally led force
- progressive forces
- pro-independence forces
- proportions of forces
- punitive forces
- quick-reaction force
- Rapid Deployment Force
- Rapid Reaction Force
- rapid-action force
- RDF
- rebel forces
- recourse to force
- reduction in the armed forces
- regional security forces
- regrouping of forces
- relationship of forces
- reserve force
- reserve of the forces
- resistance forces
- resort to force
- retaliatory forces
- revanchist forces
- revolutionary forces
- rightist forces
- right-wing forces
- rough parity of forces
- ruling forces
- sea forces
- sea-based strategic missile forces
- second-strike force
- security forces
- self-defense forces
- SFOR
- shifts in the alignment of forces
- show of force

- size of the armed forces
- social and political forces
- social forces
- socio-political forces
- special forces
- spontaneous force
- Stabilization Force
- strategic air forces
- strategic forces
- Strategic Rocket Force
- strength of the armed forces
- strike force
- striking force
- suppression by force
- task force
- territorial force
- theater nuclear forces
- third force
- threat of force

- TNF
- ultra-right forces
- UN buffer force
- UN Emergency Force
- UN observer force
- unification of forces
- unification of the armed force under a single command
- unified forces
- unilateral cuts in smb's forces
- United Nation Protection Force
- United Nations forces
- United Nations peace-keeping forces
- unity of forces
- UNPROFOR
- use of military forces
- use of preemptive force
- vital force
- voluntary military forces
- weakening of forces
- with political forces splintering
- withdrawal of forces
- without resort to force
- work force
- world market forces 2. v
заставлять, принуждать, вынуждать

to force smb out — 1) вытеснять кого-л. 2) отстранять кого-л. от власти

Politics english-russian dictionary > force
7 силы и средства Атлантической зоны ПВО

Military: Atlantic Air Defense force (НАТО)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > силы и средства Атлантической зоны ПВО
8 commander

командир; командующий; начальник; командир корабля; кавалер ( ордена) ;

commander, Air Force — командующий ВВС

commander, Allied Air Forces in Europe — командующий ОВВС НАТО в Европе

commander, Allied Command Europe, Mobile Force (Land) — командующий СВ мобильных сил ОВС НАТО в Европе

commander, Army Signals — Бр. начальник связи армии

commander, Battle Force — командующий оперативным соединением (флота)

commander, Berlin brigade (infantry) — командир Берлинской пехотной бригады

commander, British Forces, Hong Kong — командующий английскими войсками в Гонконге

commander, Canadian Subarea, Atlantic — командующий ОВМС НАТО в Канадском районе Атлантики

commander, Carrier Striking Force — командир авианосного ударного соединения

commander, Carrier Striking Group — командир авианосной ударной группы

commander, Central Mediterranean Area — командующий ОВМС НАТО в Центральном районе Средиземного моря

commander, Central Subarea, Eastern Atlantic — командующий ОВМС НАТО в Центральном районе Восточной Атлантики

commander, Corps, Royal Artillery — Бр. начальник артиллерии корпуса

commander, Corps, Royal Engineers — Бр. корпусной инженер

commander, Eastern Mediterranean Area — командующий ОВМС НАТО в Восточном районе Средиземного моря

commander, Fleet Air Forces — командующий авиацией флота

commander, Gibraltar Mediterranean — командующий ОВМС НАТО в Гибралтарском районе

commander, HQ company — командир штабной роты

commander, Land Forces — командующий СВ

commander, Naval Air Bases — командующий АБ ВМС

commander, Naval Air Force, US Pacific Fleet — командующий ВВС Тихоокеанского флота США

commander, Naval Air Systems — командующий авиационными системами ВМС

commander, Naval District — Бр. командующий военно-морским районом

commander, Naval Force — командующий ВМС

commander, Naval Forces, Gulf — Бр. командующий ВМС в зоне Персидского залива

commander, Naval Striking and Support Forces — командующий ударными ВМС и силами поддержки (НАТО)

commander, Naval Submarines Forces — командующий подводными силами ВМС

commander, Naval Subsurface Forces — командующий подводными силами ВМС

commander, Naval Surface Forces — командующий надводными силами ВМС

commander, North East Subarea Channel — командующий ОВМС НАТО в Северо-Восточном районе зоны пролива Ла-Манш

commander, Northern Army Group — командующий Северной группой армий

commander, Northern Maritime Air Region — Бр. командующий Северным районом береговой авиации

commander, Northern Subarea, Eastern Atlantic — командующий ОВМС НАТО в Северном районе Восточной Атлантики

commander, Ocean Subarea — командующий ОВМС НАТО в Океанском районе Атлантики

commander, Oceanographic Systems — командующий океанографическими системами

commander, Operational Control Center — начальник центра оперативного управления

commander, Plymouth Subarea, Channel — командующий ОВМС НАТО в районе Плимут зоны пролива Ла-Манш

commander, Regional Command Zone — командующий ОВС (НАТО) региона

commander, Royal Army Ordnance Corps — Бр. начальник артиллерийско-технической службы СВ

commander, Royal Artillery — Бр. начальник артиллерии (дивизии)

commander, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers — Бр. начальник инженерной ремонтно-восстановительной службы (СВ)

commander, Royal Engineers — Бр. начальник инженерной службы (дивизии)

commander, Southeastern Mediterranean Area — командующий ОВМС НАТО в Юго-Восточном районе Средиземного моря

commander, Striking Fleet, Atlantic — командующий ударным флотом на Атлантике (НАТО)

commander, Striking Forces — командующий ударными силами

commander, subarea — командующий (под)районом

commander, Submarine Forces, Western Atlantic Area — командующий подводными силами ОВМС НАТО в Западной Атлантике

commander, Submarines, Mediterranean — командующий подводными силами ОВМС НАТО на Средиземном море

commander, Sultan of Oman's Land Forces — Бр. командующий СВ в Султанате Оман

commander, UK Air Defence Region — командующий районом ПВО Великобритании

commander, US Army, Berlin — командующий СВ США в Западном Берлине

commander, US Forces — командующий ВС США (в каком-л. регионе)

commander, Western Mediterranean Area — командующий ОВМС НАТО в Западном районе Средиземного моря

division support (command) commander — начальник (командования) тыла дивизии

executing commander (nuclear weapon) — командир, получивший приказ на применение ЯО

naval commander, assault force — командир морского штурмового десантного отряда

parade smb. before the commander — отдавать приказание явиться к командиру (по поводу нарушения дисциплины);

tactical air commander (afloat) — командир средств ТА (на корабле управления десантом)

tactical air commander (ashore) — командир средств ТА (на береговом КП десантных войск)

US commander, Berlin — командующий ВС США в Западном Берлине

— AA defense commander

— acting commander

— action commander

— air commander

— air defense artillery commander

— Air Defense commander

— air drop troop commander

— air group commander

— Air Transport commander

— airborne commander

— aircraft commander

— airfield commander

— air-mission commander

— airmobile task force commander

— Allied commander

— Allied Maritime Air Forces commander

— antiair warfare commander

— area commander

— armor commander

— Army commander

— Army Component commander

— artillery commander

— assault commander

— assistant commander

— assistant deputy commander

— assistant division commander

— aviation lift commander

— battery commander

— battle commander

— battlefield commander

— beach commander

— beach party commander

— blue commander

— boat wave commander

— branch commander

— breach commander

— bridge commander

— Cadet Regiment commander

— chalk commander

— Coastal Defense commander

— Coastal Forces commander

— column commander

— combat arms commander

— combat commander

— Command commander

— commanders at all echelons

— commanders at all levels

— communications zone commander

— community commander

— composite warfare commander

— contact area commander

— convoy commander

— corps engineer commander

— corps support command commander

— crew commander

— crossing area commander

— decision-making commander

— depot commander

— deputy brigade commander

— deputy commander for

— deputy commander

— Deputy Supreme Allied commander

— Deputy Supreme commander

— district commander

— embarkation team commander

— engineer commander

— escort commander

— executing commander

— exercise commander

— fellow commander

— field commander

— field-army commander

— fire commander

— fire-support commander

— fleet commander

— flight commander

— force air-defense commander

— force commander

— forward area commander

— garrison commander

— general court martial commander

— ground commander

— guard commander

— helicopter transport group commander

— higher commander

— immediate commander

— incoming commander

— infantry commander

— installation commander

— interallied commander

— intermediate commander

— island commander

— joint commander

— joint force commander

— joint logistics commander

— junior commander

— key commander

— land commander

— landing force commander

— landing force training commander

— lane commander

— local area commander

— lower commander

— major commander

— major NATO commander

— major subordinate commander

— maneuver commander

— Marine Forces commander

— Marine Reserve commander

— maritime commander

— military commander

— military district commander

— military liaison mission commander

— missile combat crew commander

— national commander

— NATO commander

— NATO regional commander

— NATO Supreme commander

— naval force commander

— Navy Component commander

— next higher commander

— non-rated commander

— on-scene commander

— operational commander

— orange commander

— organization commander

— outgoing commander

— outpost commander

— plane load commander

— point commander

— post commander

— potential commander

— principal subordinate commander

— Readiness Region commander

— recruiting commander

— regimental commander

— regional commander

— releasing commander

— relief commander

— Reserve Component commander

— scene of action commander

— second commander

— sector commander

— senior AT commander

— senior military commander

— senior operational commander

— Service Component commander

— service support commander

— specified commander

— staff commander

— station commander

— subordinate commander

— support command commander

— supported commander

— supporting commander

— Supreme Allied commander

— Supreme High commander

— tactical air commander

— tactical commander

— task force commander

— Theater Air commander

— Theater Allied commander

— Theater Army commander

— theater commander

— three major NATO commanders

— Transport commander

— transportation commander

— troop commander

— unified commander

— unit commander

— US Allied commanders

— US Army commander

— USAF commander

— vehicle commander

— vice commander

— wing commander

English-Russian military dictionary > commander
9 command

командование (организационная единица, лица руководящего состава), управление; соединение; объединение; группа войск; военный округ; команда, приказание; превосходство; контроль; топ. превышение; командовать; управлять; подавать команды

Data Services (and Administrative) Systems command — командование [управление] статистических (и административно-управленческих) информационных систем

major command, NATO forces — верховное [стратегическое] командование ОВС НАТО

UN command,Rear — командование тыла сил ООН

US Army Forces, Readiness command — СВ командования войск готовности ВС США

— AA artillery command

— abort command

— activation command

— advanced logistical base command

— advanced logistical command

— Aerospace Defense command

— aerospace rescue and recovery command

— air command

— air defense command

— air defense missile command

— Air Force Air Defense command

— Air Force Communications command

— Air Force Electronic Security command

— Air Force Logistics command

— Air Force Weapon Systems Development command

— Air Space Defense command

— Air Training command

— Air Transport command

— air transportable missile command

— airborne command

— air-force command

— Alaskan Air command

— Allied Air Forces command

— Allied command Atlantic

— Allied command

— Allied Forces command

— Allied Joint Submarine Forces and Maritime Patrol Aviation command

— Allied Land Forces command

— Allied Maritime Air Forces Channel command

— Allied Maritime Air Forces command

— Allied Naval command

— Allied Submarine Forces command

— Allied Tactical Air command

— amphibious command

— Antarctic Naval command

— Antisubmarine Defense Forces command

— area command

— area logistics command

— area support command

— arming command

— Armored command

— Army Air Defense command

— Army Armament Materiel Readiness command

— Army Armament R&D command

— Army Aviation Materiel command

— Army Aviation R&D command

— Army Aviations Systems command

— Army Combat Developments command

— Army Combat Developments Experimentation command

— Army command

— Army Communications and Electronics Materiel Readiness command

— Army Communications command

— Army Communications R&D command

— Army Component command

— Army Computer Systems command

— Army Criminal Investigation command

— Army Depot System command

— Army Development and Readiness command

— Army Electronics command

— Army Electronics R&D command

— Army field command

— Army Health Services command

— Army Intelligence and Security command

— Army Intelligence command

— Army International Logistics command

— Army Materiel command

— Army Military Traffic Management command

— Army Missile command

— Army Missile Defense command

— Army Missile Materiel Readiness command

— Army Missile R&D command

— Army Mobility Equipment R&D command

— Army Munitions command

— Army Ordnance Missile command

— Army Recruiting command

— Army Reserve command

— Army Service command

— Army Special Operations command

— Army Strategic Communications command command

— Army Support command

— Army Surveillance and Target Acquisition Training command

— Army Tank-Automotive R&D command

— Army Tank-Automotive Readiness command

— Army Test and Evaluation command

— Army Topographic command

— Army Training and Doctrine Development command

— Army Troop Support and Aviation Materiel Readiness command

— artillery command

— Artillery Support command

— assault command

— assume command

— at my command

— Atlantic command

— Automatic Data Field Systems command

— Aviation Depot Maintenance command

— base command

— base logistical command

— battle command

— binational command

— BM Defense Systems command

— bomber command

— British Logistics Support command

— burst command

— Canal Zone command

— Central command

— check command

— Civil Affairs command

— combat air command

— combat developments command

— combined command

— come under command

— command for operations

— command for tactical employment

— command for training

— Communications and Electronics R&D command

— communications command

— Communications Security command

— Computer Systems command

— Continental Air command

— Continental Signal command

— control command

— corps major medical command

— corps support command

— counter command

— cutoff command

— defense command

— Development command

— dismiss from command

— disrupt commands

— division support command

— domestic command

— drill command

— drop from command

— Eastern command

— educational command

— Electronics Systems command

— emergency command

— engineer amphibious support command

— engineer command

— engineer construction command

— European command

— execution command

— exercise area command

— Experimental Forces command

— field army support command

— field command

— fighter command

— fire command

— fire-out command

— firing command

— Fleet command

— Fleet type command

— force command

— Forces command

— full command

— functional command

— gaining command

— garrison command

— geographical command

— ground force command

— guerrilla command

— guidance command

— Gulf Terminal command

— harbor defense command

— heading command

— heavy missile command

— high command

— higher command

— highest command

— Home Air command

— Home command

— HQ command

— in command of

— independent command

— initiate a command

— inshore warfare command

— integrated military command

— intelligence command

— interallied command

— Interior Forces command

— international HQ support command

— island command

— Joint Air Forces command

— joint command

— Joint High command

— joint maneuver control command

— joint operations command

— Joint Tactical Air command

— jump command

— Land Forces Strategic command

— large command

— lesser command

— line command

— logistical command

— losing command

— maintain a command

— maintenance command

— major ACE subordinate command

— major air command

— major Army field command

— major command

— major subordinate command

— Maneuver and Training command

— maneuver area command

— marching command

— Marine Air Reserve Training command

— Marine Corps Development and Education command

— Marine Corps Development and Evaluation command

— Marine Corps Sea Systems command

— Marine Force Logistic command

— Maritime command

— mass command

— materiel command

— Medical Bioengineering R&D command

— medical command

— Medical R&D command

— medium missile command

— medium-sized command

— Military Airlift command

— Military Assistance command

— military command

— Military Enlistment Processing command

— Military Sealift command

— military zone command

— Mine Countermeasures command

— mine sweeping forces command

— Mine Warfare command

— missile command

— Mobile command

— Mountain and Cold Weather Training command

— MP prisoner-of-war command

— multi-role air command

— multi-service command

— national command

— National Logistic command

— National Military command

— national territorial command

— NATO command

— NATO Early Warning command

— NATO military command

— NATO national command

— Naval Air Materiel command

— Naval Air Systems command

— Naval Air Training command

— Naval Amphibious Training command

— Naval Aviation command

— naval base command

— Naval Civilian Personnel command

— naval command

— Naval Communications command

— Naval Data Automation command

— Naval Electronics Systems command

— Naval Facilities Engineering command

— Naval Home command

— Naval Intelligence command

— Naval Logistics command

— Naval Material command

— Naval Military Personnel command

— Naval Oceanography command

— Naval Recruiting command

— Naval Reserve command

— Naval Sea Systems command

— Naval Security Group command

— Naval Supply Systems command

— Naval Telecommunications command

— Naval Training command

— Navy's Ocean Systems command

— North American Aerospace Defense command

— North American Air Defense command

— Northern command

— Nuclear Weapons Support command

— numbered command

— one-man command

— operational command

— ordnance ammunition command

— Ordnance Weapons command

— organic command

— originating command

— overall command

— overseas command

— personnel command

— place in command

— place under command

— preliminary command

— principal NATO command

— principal subordinate command

— Proving Ground command

— PW command

— QM command

— R&D command

— RAF command

— RAF Home command

— RAF Strike command

— RAF Support command

— RAF Transportation command

— Rapid Reaction Deployable command

— RDF command

— Readiness command

— regional command

— regional operational command

— regional theater command

— Regular Army Strategic command

— reinforcement command

— relieve of command

— relinquish command

— Reserve Component command

— resting command

— retain command

— revert to command

— revoke a command

— River Naval command

— sea command

— sealift command

— semi-automatic command to line-of-sight

— separate command

— service command

— signal command

— single nation command

— sole command

— Southern command

— Space command

— Special Air Service command

— special ammunition support command

— special command

— Special Operations command

— Special Weapons command

— specified command

— Staff command

— stateside command

— strategic aerospace command

— Strategic Air command

— strategic command

— strategic communications command

— Strike Air command

— Strike command

— subordinate command

— succeed in command

— supplementary command

— Supply and Maintenance command

— support air command

— support command

— supranational command

— Supreme command

— suspend from command

— systems command

— Tactical Air command

— tactical command

— take command

— target-vectoring command

— task force command

— temporary command

— terminal steering command

— Territorial command

— theater air defense command

— Theater Airlift command

— Theater Army Area command

— Theater Army Area Logistical command

— Theater Army Civil Affairs command

— Theater Army Communications command

— Theater Army logistical command

— Theater Army Replacement and Training command

— Theater Army Support command

— theater of operations command

— theater troop-carrier command

— TOE command

— topographic command

— training command

— transportation command

— transportation training command

— troop command

— troop support command

— troop-carrier command

— turn over command

— type command

— UN command

— under command

— unified command

— Unified Land Forces command

— unified tactical air command

— uninational command

— uni-service command

— US Army command

— US Army Western command

— US Naval Space command

— US Readiness command

— USAF Aerospace Defense command

— USAF command

— USAF headquarters command

— USAF major command

— USAF Reserve command

— USAF Support command

— vacate command

— vehicle command

— vest command in

— warning command

— Weapons command

— weapons support command

— Western Approaches command

— Western command

— winning command

— zone command

English-Russian military dictionary > command
10 officer

офицер; должностное лицо; сотрудник; укомплектовывать офицерским составом; командовать

Air officer, Administration, Strike Command — Бр. начальник административного управления командования ВВС в Великобритании

Air officer, Engineering, Strike Command — Бр. начальник инженерно-технического управления командования ВВС в Великобритании

Air officer, Maintenance, RAF Support Command — Бр. начальник управления технического обслуживания командования тыла ВВС

Air officer, Training, RAF Support Command — начальник управления подготовки ЛС командования тыла ВВС

assistant G3 plans officer — помощник начальника оперативного отдела [отделения] по планированию

casualty evacuation (control) officer — офицер управления медицинской эвакуацией (морского десанта)

Defense Liaison officer (in the White House) — офицер связи МО (при Белом доме)

Flag officer, Germany — командующий ВМС ФРГ

Flag officer, Naval Air Command — Бр. командующий авиацией ВМС

Flag officer, Submarines — Бр. командующий подводными силами ВМС

float an officer (through personnel channels) — направлять личное дело офицера (в различные кадровые инстанции);

General officer Commanding, Royal Marines — Бр. командующий МП

General officer Commanding, the Artillery Division — командир артиллерийской дивизии (БРА)

landing zone (aircraft) control officer — офицер по управлению авиацией в районе десантирования (ВДВ)

nuclear weapons (employment) officer — офицер по применению ЯО

officer, responsible for the exercise — офицер, ответственный за учение (ВМС)

Principal Medical officer, Strike Command — Бр. начальник медицинской службы командования ВВС в Великобритании

Senior Air Staff officer, Strike Command — Бр. НШ командования ВВС в Великобритании

senior officer, commando assault unit — Бр. командир штурмового отряда «коммандос»

senior officer, naval assault unit — Бр. командир военно-морского штурмового отряда

senior officer, naval build-up unit — Бр. командир военно-морского отряда наращивания сил десанта

senior officer, present — старший из присутствующих начальников

senior officer, Royal Artillery — Бр. старший начальник артиллерии

senior officer, Royal Engineers — Бр. старший начальник инженерных войск

short service term (commissioned) officer — Бр. офицер, призываемый на кратковременную службу; офицер, проходящий службу по краткосрочному контракту

special weapons (employment) officer — офицер по применению специального оружия

tactical air officer (afloat) — офицер по управлению ТА поддержки (морского) десанта (на корабле управления)

The Dental officer, US Marine Corps — начальник зубоврачебной службы МП США

The Medical officer, US Marine Corps — начальник медицинской службы МП США

welfare (and recreation) officer — офицер по вопросам быта и организации отдыха (военнослужащих)

— accommodation officer

— accredited officer

— acting officer

— action officer

— action staff officer

— active officer

— administration officer

— administrative officer

— adviser duty officer

— aerial delivery officer

— aerial surveillance officer

— aeromedical evacuation control officer

— aeromedical evacuation coordinating officer

— aeromedical evacuation liaison officer

— aeromedical evacuation operations officer

— aeronautical evacuation control officer

— agent finance officer

— air commanding officer

— air contact officer

— air control/antiair warfare officer

— air defense artillery officer

— air liaison officer

— air movement officer

— air officer of the day

— air officer

— air operations officer

— air reconnaissance liaison officer

— air reconnaissance officer

— air support officer

— air surveillance officer

— air training officer

— air transport liaison officer

— air transport operations officer

— air transportation officer

— air weapons training officer

— airborne control officer

— airborne force liaison officer

— aircraft maintenance officer

— aircraft warning officer

— airlift duty officer

— airlift liaison coordination officer

— alcohol and drug control officer

— ammunition officer

— ammunition technical officer

— amphibian tractor officer

— antiair warfare officer

— antimechanized officer

— antisubmarine officer

— approach line control officer

— area intelligence officer

— area petroleum officer

— armament and electronics officer

— armament officer

— armament operation officer

— armament systems officer

— armored officer

— army artillery officer

— Army aviation officer

— Army Emergency Relief officer

— Army's Chief Personnel Selection officer

— artillery air officer

— artillery forward observation officer

— artillery intelligence officer

— artillery liaison officer

— artillery maintenance officer

— artillery officer

— artillery ordnance officer

— aspirant officer

— assessing officer

— assignment officer

— assistant administrative officer

— assistant artillery officer

— assistant central control officer

— assistant commanding officer

— assistant division aviation officer

— assistant military landing officer

— assistant officer

— assistant operations officer

— assistant staff officer

— AT officer

— athletics and recreation officer

— atomic demolition munition staff officer

— automatic data processing systems analysis officer

— automation management officer

— automotive officer

— aviation safety officer

— base operations officer

— battery assistant executive officer

— battery control officer

— battery executive officer

— battery gun position officer

— battery officers

— bi-functional staff officer

— billeting officer

— bomb disposal officer

— bomb reconnaissance officer

— bombardment liaison officer

— briefing officer

— brigade officer

— buildings and grounds officer

— burial supervising officer

— cable officer

— Cadet Instruction List officer

— cadet officer

— camouflage officer

— career officer

— career reserve officer

— careers officer

— carrier-borne ground liaison officer

— cartographic officer

— case officer

— casual officer

— casualty clearing officer

— catering officer

— censorship officer

— central force control officer

— chemical maintenance officer

— chemical officer

— chemical processing officer

— chemical supply officer

— chief administrative officer

— chief administrative staff officer

— chief chemical officer

— chief cipher officer

— chief decontamination officer

— chief disbursing officer

— chief education officer

— chief engineer officer

— chief general staff officer

— chief intelligence officer

— chief medical officer

— chief ordnance officer

— chief public affairs officer

— Chief Public Relations officer

— chief recruiting officer

— chief signal officer

— Chief Signals officer

— chief staff officer

— chief supply and transport officer

— chief transportation officer

— cipher officer

— civil affairs officer

— civil defence officer

— civil defense warning officer

— civil liaison officer

— civilian personnel officer

— civil-military operations officer

— claims officer

— classification and assignment officer

— classification officer

— classified material control officer

— collection management officer

— colour officer

— combat cargo officer

— combat reports officer

— combat service support coordination officer

— combatant officer

— COMINT officer

— command duty officer

— Command Security officer

— commanding artillery officer

— Commanding officer of Troops

— commissioned officer

— commissioned warrant officer

— communications and electronics security officer

— communications duty officer

— communications officer

— communications security officer

— communications watch officer

— communications/electronics officer

— community relations officer

— company execution officer

— company executive officer

— company grade officer

— compensation officer

— complex safety officer

— confinement officer

— conservation officer

— construction engineer officer

— continuity officer

— contracting officer

— coordinating officer

— correspondence officer

— counter mortar officer

— counterbattery intelligence officer

— counterbattery officer

— counterbombardment officer

— counterfire officer

— counterintelligence officer

— countermortar intelligence officer

— countermortar liaison officer

— courier transfer officer

— court-martial officer

— CP officer

— crew evaluation officer

— criminal investigations officer

— cryptanalysis officer

— cryptographical officer

— cryptologic officer

— DA air traffic coordinating officer

— damage-control officer

— debarkation medical officer

— debarkation officer

— decontamination officer

— defense attache liaison officer

— Defense Communications officer

— Defense Liaison officer to the President

— deferred officer

— demolition officer

— departure airfield control officer

— deplaning officer

— depot commanding officer

— deputy commanding officer

— deputy public affairs officer

— desk officer

— detail officer

— detraining officer

— development projects officer

— disbursing officer

— dispatching officer

— disposal officer

— district engineering officer

— district intelligence officer

— division ammunition officer

— division artillery executive officer

— division chemical officer

— division materiel officer

— division officer

— division ordnance officer

— division property book officer

— division signal officer

— division's commanding officer

— drop zone control officer

— drop zone safety officer

— dump officer

— duty cypher officer

— duty intelligence officer

— duty officer

— ECM officer

— education services officer

— elementary schools officer

— embarkation and combat cargo officer

— embarkation billeting officer

— embarkation control officer

— embarkation medical officer

— embarkation staff officer

— emergency traffic coordinating officer

— emplaning officer

— engineer grounds and maintenance officer

— engineer officer

— engineer operations officer

— engineer reconnaissance officer

— engineer supply officer

— engineering assignment officer

— engineering duty officer

— engineering officer

— entertainments officer

— entraining officer

— equal opportunity staff officer

— equipment and maintenance officer

— escort officer

— evacuation officer

— EW officer

— EW/cryptologic tactical operations officer

— examining officer

— exchange officer

— executive officer

— extraction zone control officer

— FA fire support officer

— family welfare officer

— female officer

— field grade officer

— field officer of the day

— field petroleum officer

— field press censorship officer

— field security officer

— field services officer

— fighter director officer

— fighter duty officer

— fighter liaison officer

— finance and accounting officer

— fire direction officer

— fire prevention officer

— fire support coordination officer

— fire support officer

— firing officer

— fiscal officer

— flag officer assault and lodgement area

— flag officer

— flag-rank officer

— fleet marine officer

— flight officer

— flight safety officer

— flying officer

— food service officer

— force gunnery officer

— force modernization action officer

— foreign area officer

— forward air control officer

— forward area support coordinating officer

— forward control officer

— forward observer officer

— front-line officer

— fuels officer

— gangplank officer

— gas identification officer

— general and organizational action officer

— general duty officer

— General officer Commanding

— General officer Commanding-in-Chief

— general staff officer

— general supply officer

— GM operations officer

— grad officer

— ground defense officer

— ground liaison officer

— ground officer

— ground training officer

— guidance control officer

— guidance systems officer

— gun position officer

— gunnery officer

— heavy engineer equipment officer

— helicopter loading zone control officer

— high-ranking officer

— highway traffic officer

— highway transportation officer

— housing officer

— human relations officer

— immediate commanding officer

— in-addition-to-other-duties officer

— income tax assistance officer

— indorsing officer

— infantry officer

— information activities officer

— inspection officer

— installation intelligence and security officer

— installation transportation officer

— installations officer

— instructor officer

— insurance officer

— intelligence communications officer

— intelligence language officer

— intelligence liaison officer

— intelligence officer

— intelligence research officer

— interpreter officer

— interrogation officer

— investigating officer

— junior officer of the day

— junior officer of the watch

— junior officer of the week

— junior rank officer

— land liaison officer

— landing control officer

— landing-craft control officer

— landing-force loading officer

— language officer

— launch-control officer

— laundry officer

— law enforcement officer

— legal assistance officer

— liaison duty officer

— liaison officer to departure airfield

— liaison officer

— liaison staff officer

— limited duty officer

— line officer

— line specialist officer

— loading officer

— local claims officer

— local purchasing officer

— local transport officer

— logistics assignment officer

— logistics assistance officer

— logistics control officer

— logistics officer

— logistics readiness officer

— long-term officer

— mail officer

— main officers

— maintenance officer

— make an officer

— mapping and intelligence officer

— marshaling area control officer

— materiel readiness officer

— medical commanding officer

— medical officer

— medical regulating officer

— medical regulation officer

— mess officer

— message transmission releasing officer

— meteorological officer

— middle rank officer

— military intelligence officer

— military intelligence reserve officer

— military interviewing officer

— military justice officer

— military landing officer

— military officer

— military personnel procurement officer

— military supply officer

— military transport officer

— minority group officer

— missile control officer

— missile flight control officer

— missile launch officer

— missile operations officer

— missile range safety officer

— morale officer

— motor maintenance officer

— motor officer

— motor transportation officer

— movement control officer

— movement liaison officer

— movements identification officer

— munitions officer

— national service officer

— naval air liaison officer

— naval chief air intelligence officer

— naval control of shipping officer

— naval embarkation officer

— naval gunfire liaison officer

— naval intelligence officer

— naval liaison officer

— naval officer

— Navy liaison officer

— NBC defense officer

— NBC weapons employment officer

— neutral officer

— noncommissioned officer

— nonpromotion list officer

— nonrated officer

— nuclear operations officer

— nuclear safety officer

— nuclear weapon courier officer

— nuclear weapons requirement officer

— nursing officer

— officer commanding

— officer conducting the exercise

— officer conducting the serial

— officer in command

— officer in tactical command

— officer in waiting

— officer of the day in waiting

— officer of the day

— officer of the deck

— officer of the guard

— officer of the rounds

— officer of the week

— officer scheduling the exercise

— officer serving afloat

— OP officer

— operationally oriented officer

— operations and training officer

— operations duty officer

— order of battle officer

— orderly officer

— ordnance engineering duty officer

— ordnance GM officer

— ordnance officer

— ordnance staff officer

— organizational effectiveness staff officer

— orientation officer

— other than Regular Army officer

— over-the-hill officer

— pay officer

— personal liaison officer

— personal staff officer

— personnel information security officer

— personnel management officer

— personnel officer

— personnel records officer

— personnel selection officer

— personnel staff officer

— personnel/logistics officer

— petroleum officer

— physical training officer

— planning officer

— plans officer

— platoon officer

— Post Billeting officer

— Post Exchange officer

— postal officer

— presiding officer of the JCS

— press officer

— pretrial investigating officer

— primary control officer

— primary staff officer

— principal administrative officer

— principal Army technical information officer

— principal embarkation officer

— principal military landing officer

— principal staff officer

— probationary subaltern officer

— procurement contracting officer

— procurement officer

— professional development officer

— project officer

— propaganda officer

— property book officer

— property disposal officer

— Protocol officer for the Secretary of Defense

— psychological operations officer

— psychological warfare officer

— public affairs officer

— public information officer

— public relations officer

— public works officer

— purchasing and contracting officer

— race relations/equal opportunity officer

— radar intercept officer

— radar officer

— radio officer

— radiological defense officer

— radiological protection officer

— radiological survey officer

— railhead officer

— railroad station traffic officer

— railroad transportation officer

— range officer

— ranking officer

— rated officer

— rating officer

— real estate and claims officer

— rear link officer

— rear seat officer

— reconnaissance and survey officer

— reconnaissance duty officer

— reconnaissance liaison officer

— reconnaissance officer

— reconnaissance systems officer

— recruiting and induction officer

— recruiting and retention officer

— reenlistment officer

— regiment officer

— regimental medical officer

— regiment's commanding officer

— regular commissioned officer

— regulating officer

— releasing officer

— religious service officer

— reports control officer

— reserve officer

— resettlement officer

— road officer

— road traffic officer

— sales commissary officer

— sanitation officer

— school liaison officer

— sea transport officer

— secondary control officer

— security control officer

— senior bombardment liaison officer

— Senior British Naval officer

— senior chief officer

— senior embarkation officer

— senior general officer

— senior general staff officer

— senior intelligence officer

— senior landing officer

— senior medical officer

— senior officer

— senior personnel staff officer

— senior rank officer

— senior signal officer

— senior staff officer

— serving officer

— ship embarkation officer

— ship's combat cargo officer

— shore party officer

— SIGINT officer

— signal officer

— signal security officer

— smoke control officer

— special security officer

— special services officer

— specialist officer

— spotting officer

— squadron command officer

— squadron duty officer

— staff chemical officer

— staff duties officer

— staff duty officer

— staff loading officer

— staff officer

— staff planning officer

— staff security officer

— staff signal officer

— Standing Group Liaison officer to the North Atlantic Council

— strategic intelligence officer

— strategic plans officer

— strategic SIGINT officer

— student officer

— superintendent ammunition supply officer

— superior officer

— supervisory officer

— supply and service control officer

— supply management officer

— survey officer

— surveying officer

— survivor assistance officer

— systems project officer

— tactical action officer

— tactical air control officer

— tactical air liaison officer

— tactical airlift duty officer

— tactical airlift liaison officer

— tactical control officer

— tactical evaluating officer

— tactical intelligence officer

— tactical officer

— tactical surveillance officer

— tank officer

— tank unit landing officer

— target control officer

— target selection officer

— targets officer

— team embarkation officer

— technical grade officer

— technical liaison officer

— technical officer

— technical supply officer

— technical telecommunications officer

— terrain intelligence officer

— territorial officer

— topographic officer

— track production officer

— trailing officer

— train officer

— training aids officer

— training officer

— transportation officer

— travel officer

— troop loading officer

— troop officer

— unconventional warfare officer

— understudy staff officer

— unit commanding officer

— unit communications officer

— unit emplaning officer

— unit loading officer

— unit personnel officer

— unit postal officer

— unit readiness officer

— unrestricted line officer

— vehicle column control officer

— venereal disease control officer

— warrant officer

— watch officer

— water intelligence officer

— water supply officer

— water traffic officer

— weapon coordination officer

— weapon liaison officer

— weapon system officer

— weapon training officer

— weather officer

— wire officer

— wireless officer

* * *

офицер

English-Russian military dictionary > officer
11 board

комитет; совет; комиссия; планшет; доска; пульт; борт; совершать посадку (на) ; садиться (напр. на корабль, машину) ; разг. «комиссовать, увольнять по состоянию здоровья; пропускать через комиссию; см. тж. committee

Army (Central) Physical Evaluation board — (центральная) комиссия СВ по оценке уровня физической подготовки ЛС

Army Airborne, Electronics and Special Warfare board — комитет СВ по авиационным бортовым электронным системам и специальным методам ведения боевых действий

— academy board

— academy executive board

— acceptance board

— Administrative Discharge board

— Admiralty Interview board

— Advisory board of Directors

— Aerospace Activity Coordinating board

— AG Personnel board

— Air board

— Air Staff board

— air surveillance plotting board

— Air Transport Allocations board

— Armed Forces Chaplains board

— Armed Forces Development board

— Armed Forces Disciplinary Control board

— Armed Services board of Contact Appeals

— Armed Services Explosives Safety board

— Armed Services Petroleum board

— Arms Export Control board

— Army Air Defense board

— Army Airborne Communications and Electronics board

— Army Arctic Test board

— Army Armor board

— Army Artillery board

— Army Aviation board

— Army Aviation R&D board

— Army Aviation Safety and Standardization board

— Army Aviation Safety board

— Army Aviation Test board

— Army Avionics Test board

— Army board for Aviation Accident Research

— Army board for Correction of Military Records

— Army board

— Army Chemical Corps board

— Army Combat Arms Training board

— Army Communications-Electronics board

— Army Contract Adjustment board

— Army Educational Requirements board

— Army Engineer board

— Army Examination board

— Army FA board

— Army Infantry board

— Army Intelligence and Security board

— Army Intelligence board

— Army Military Review board

— Army Project Manager Selection board

— Army Science and Technology board

— Army Science board

— Army Sport Control board

— Army Training board

— artillery board

— awards board

— battle message board

— board for Coordination of Civil Aviation

— board for Correction of Naval Records

— board of Investigation

— bulletin board

— Cadet Standards board

— Chemical board

— classification board

— Clemency and Parole board

— combat initiatives board

— Combined Communications board

— COMINT board

— command advisory board

— command selection board

— Complaints Review board

— configuration control board

— control board

— coordination board

— Correction of Military Records board

— court-martial board

— crew status board

— cryptographic board

— decorations board

— Defence Research board

— Defense Communications board

— Defense EW board

— Defense Material Specifications and Standards board

— Defense Medical Materiel board

— Defense Science board

— Discharge Review board

— Discipline and Adjustment board

— display board

— Employee Appeals Review board

— Engineer board

— enlisted compassionate board

— equipment status board

— facility utilization board

— fire adjustment board

— Fleet Marine Force board

— Fleet Marine Force Organization and Composition board

— foreign disclosure review board

— Foreign Intelligence Advisory board

— foreign military training board

— general military training review board

— grade determination board

— gun deflection board

— honor board

— housing board

— incentive award board

— inefficiency board

— Infantry board

— inquiry board

— integration board

— Intelligence Oversight board

— Interamencan Defense board

— interview board

— Joint Air Reconnaissance Intelligence board

— Joint Army and Navy board

— Joint Logistics board

— Joint Signal board

— Joint Target Selection board

— landing status board

— Maintenance board

— Manpower Utilization board

— manual data display board

— map board

— medical board

— memorialization board

— Military Air Transport board

— Military Communications-Electronics board

— mission status board

— mortar deflection board

— mortar range board

— National Estimates board

— National Reserve Policy board

— National Security Resources board

— NATO Communications and Electronics board

— Naval board of Inspection and Survey

— Naval board

— Naval Evaluation board

— North Atlantic Defense Production board

— notice board

— Nuclear Weapons Accident Investigation board

— officers location board

— on board at

— on board

— Operations Coordinating board

— Physical Disability Review board

— Planning board for European Inland Surface Transport

— Planning board for Ocean Shipping

— plotting board

— promotion list removal board

— promotion selection board

— R&D board

— radiation control board

— range board

— Readiness NATO Coordination board

— reclassification board

— reduction-in-force board

— Regional Civil Defense Coordination board

— Regional Physical Evaluation board

— Regular Commissions board

— removal and elimination board

— Reserve Forces Policy board

— retiring board

— review board

— school board

— screening board

— selection board

— Service board

— sketching board

— sounding board

— spotting board

— status board

— survey board

— surveyed map board

— tactical plot board

— target status board

— terrain model board

— Theater Air Transportation board

— Uniform board

— unit manning board

— USAF Review board

— USAF Scientific Advisory board

— Visitors board

— wage board

— War Production board

— wartime communications priority board

— welfare board

English-Russian military dictionary > board
12 Armed forces

   Although armed force has been a major factor in the development of the Portuguese nation-state, a standing army did not exist until after the War of Restoration (1641-48). During the 18th century, Portugal's small army was drawn into many European wars. In 1811, a combined Anglo-Portuguese army drove the French army of Napoleon out of the country. After Germany declared war on Portugal in March 1916, two Portuguese divisions were conscripted and sent to France, where they sustained heavy casualties at the Battle of Lys in April 1918. As Portugal and Spain were neutral in World War II, the Portuguese Army cooperated with the Spanish army to defend Iberian neutrality. In 1949, Portugal became a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). When the nationalist quest for independence began in Portugal's colonies in Africa ( Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau) in the 1960s, the military effort (1961-74) to suppress the nationalists resulted in an expansion of the Portuguese armed forces to about 250,000.

   Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the number of personnel on active duty in the army, navy, and air force has been greatly reduced (43,200 in 2007) and given a more direct role in NATO. New NATO commitments led to the organization of the Brigada Mista Independente (Independent Composite Brigade), later converted into the Brigada Aero-Transportada. (Air-Transported Brigade) to be used in the defense of Europe's southern flank. The Portuguese air force and navy are responsible for the defense of the Azores-Madeira-Portugal strategic triangle.

   Chronic military intervention in Portuguese political life began in the 19th century. These interventions usually began with revolts of the military ( pronunciamentos) in order to get rid of what were considered by the armed forces corrupt or incompetent civilian governments. The army overthrew the monarchy on the 5 October 1910 and established Portugal's First Republic. It overthrew the First Republic on 28 May 1926 and established a military dictatorship. The army returned to the barracks during the Estado Novo of Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. The armed forces once again returned to politics when the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) overthrew the Estado Novo on 25 April 1974. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the armed forces again played a major role in Portuguese politics through the Council of the Revolution, which was composed of the president of the Republic, Chiefs of the general staff, three service chiefs, and 14 MFA officers. The Council of the Revolution advised the president on the selection of the prime minister and could veto legislation.

   The subordination of the Portuguese armed forces to civilian authority began in 1982, when revisions to the Constitution abolished the Council of the Revolution and redefined the mission of the armed forces to that of safeguarding and defending the national territory. By the early 1990s, the political influence of Portugal armed force had waned and civilian control was reinforced with the National Defense Laws of 1991, which made the chief of the general staff of the armed forces directly responsible to the minister of defense, not the president of the republic, as had been the case previously. As the end of the Cold War had eliminated the threat of a Soviet invasion of western Europe, Portuguese armed forces continues to be scaled back and reorganized. Currently, the focus is on modernization to achieve high operational efficiency in certain areas such as air defense, naval patrols, and rapid-response capability in case of terrorist attack. Compulsory military service was ended in 2004. The Portuguese armed forces have been employed as United Nations peacekeepers in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Lebanon.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Armed forces
13 team

расчет; команда; экипаж, группа; отряд; ( рабочая) бригада; взаимодействие; см. тж. detachment, group, party, crew

advanced concept team (Army) — группа по изучению перспективных концепций (СВ)

Alfa team (Special Forces) — команда «Альфа» (войск специального назначения)

battalion tactical team (reinforced) — (усиленная) батальонная тактическая группа

Delta team (Special Forces) — команда «Дельта» (войск специального назначения)

foreign mission training team (USAF) — группа подготовки ЛС (ВВС США) к выполнению задач за рубежом

G2 air duty team — дежурная группа офицеров связи с авиацией (в отделе разведки штаба)

Special Forces team, Atlantic Fleet — группа сил специального назначения Атлантического флота

Special Forces team, Pacific Fleet — группа сил специального назначения Тихоокеанского флота

technical assistance (field) team — (полевая) группа оказания военно-технической помощи "

underwater demolition (swimmers) team — группа [команда] боевых пловцов-подрывников

wire (line) construction team — команда по прокладыванию проводных линий связи

— accident-go team

— advanced communications team

— advisory assistance team

— aerial hunter-killer team

— aerial survey team

— aerial traffic control team

— aeromedical evacuation liaison team

— aid/evacuation team

— air and naval gunfire direct support control team

— air contact team

— air control team

— air defense suppression team

— air evacuation team

— Air Force combat control team

— air support radar team

— air support signal team

— airborne battle team

— airborne infantry combat team

— airborne pathfinder team

— airborne tactical air support team

— air-ground combat team

— air-ground liaison team

— air-ground suppression team

— airmobile team

— airspace clearance team

— air-surface-underwater team

— ammunition team

— amphibious vehicle boat team

— armament team

— armored breaching team

— armor-heavy combined arms team

— armor-killer team

— Army aviation flight control team

— Army Youth team

— Army's free-fall parachuting display team

— artillery-battalion team

— assault team

— AT ditch team

— atomic demolition team

— attack helicopter team

— attack team

— audio sweep team

— aviation modular maintenance team

— balanced tactical team

— bath team

— battalion airmobile tactical team

— battalion combat team

— battalion inspection team

— battalion landing team

— battalion tactical airmobile team

— battalion tactical team

— battalion team

— battle damage assessment team

— battle group landing team

— battle simulation team

— battle team

— boat team

— bounding team

— breaching team

— briefing team

— briefing-demonstration team

— brigade airmobile team

— brigade combat team

— brigade landing team

— brigade team

— cable-laying team

— Cadet Training team

— Canada's Separate Mechanized Combat team

— CAS delivery team

— cellular team

— central analysis team

— central planning team

— chemical agent detection team

— CIA surveillance team

— CIA team

— civic action mobile training team

— classification team

— clearance diving team

— clothing exchange and bath team

— combat intelligence team

— combat team

— combat tracker team

— combat-observation helicopter team

— combined arms maneuver team

— combined-arms team

— command logistic review team

— communications maintenance team

— company tactical team

— company team

— concept team

— contact team

— contact-recovery team

— control and assessment team

— coordination and guidance team

— counterinsurgency team

— country team

— courier team

— courtesy instruction team

— covering team

— crisis action advisers' team

— crisis management team

— damage assessment team

— dedicated direct support maintenance team

— Defense team

— demarkation team

— demolition team

— denial engineer team

— deprocessing team

— desert rescue team

— development team

— direct support maintenance contact team

— direction finder team

— disaster control team

— disaster preparedness team

— diverting team

— division-wing team

— ECM and final reconnaissance team

— embarkation team

— emergency action team

— emergency radiation team

— emergency road team

— enemy equipment intelligence service team

— engineer civic action team

— engineer combat support team

— engineer demolition team

— engineer fire fighting team

— engineer heavy rescue team

— engineer intelligence team

— engineer light rescue team

— engineer reconnaissance team

— engineer topoplanning and control team

— engineer-technician team

— environmental sanitation team

— equipment maintenance team

— equipment-operating team

— evaluation and scoring team

— exercise development team

— explosive ordnance disposal team

— extended battlefield contact team

— FA team

— FAC team

— field blood transfusion team

— field sanitation team

— field surgical team

— finance personnel support team

— finance support forward team

— fire reconnaissance team

— fire support coordination team

— fire support helicopter/armored team

— fire team

— fire-fighting team

— fire-imitation team

— fire-power control team

— fire-support team

— flame thrower team

— forward air control team

— forward area support team

— forward inspection team

— forward intelligence evaluation team

— forward maintenance team

— forward observer team

— forward repair team

— forward support team

— functional team

— furtive enemy team

— fuze jammer team

— gas team

— general support maintenance team

— geodetic survey team

— graves registration team

— ground control interception team

— ground laser locator designator team

— guerrilla team

— hawk team

— head acquisition team

— heavy fire helicopter team

— heavy maintenance team

— heavy mechanized team

— helicopter fire team

— helicopter mine laying team

— helicopter reception guidance team

— helicopter team

— host nation support team

— host national liaison team

— HQ displacement team

— hunter-killer team

— imagery interpretation team

— indirect fire team

— infantry-armor team

— infantry-artillery combat team

— infantry-tractor team

— inflight aeromedical evacuation team

— initial terminal guidance team

— inspection team

— integrated air-ground team

— International Planning team

— interrogation PW team

— interrogator-translator team

— interservice team

— jamming team

— joint air-ground instruction team

— joint observer team

— jump team

— jungle rescue team

— landing craft boat team

— landing force naval gunfire team

— landing site control team

— landing team

— launch-control team

— lead team

— letter engineer team

— liaison officer team

— liaison team

— light fire team

— light maintenance team

— light mechanized team

— line-of-communications service support team

— litter team

— logistics and training assistance team

— long-range reconnaissance team

— loudspeaker team

— maintenance assistance and instruction team

— maintenance contact team

— maintenance evaluation team

— maintenance forward support team

— maneuver team

— march team

— Marine division/wing team

— Marines Regimental landing team

— marking team

— materiel fielding team

— materiel readiness evaluation team

— mechanized battalion team

— mechanized company team

— mechanized infantry heavy team

— mechanized infantry team

— medical civic action team

— medical support team

— medium maintenance team

— mess team

— messenger team

— meteorological team

— military equipment delivery team

— military geography specialist team

— military hydrology team

— mine recovery team

— mine-laying team

— minesweep team

— missing in action search team

— mixed rotary /fixed wing aircraft team

— mobile advisory team

— mobile mine assembly team

— mobile observation team

— mobile team

— mobile traffic control team

— mobile training team

— monitoring team

— mortar gunnery team

— Mutual Weapons Development team

— National Defense team

— NATO team

— naval gunfire liaison team

— naval gunfire spotter team

— naval gunfire spotting team

— Navy sea-air-land team

— Navy Staff scientific adviser team

— NBC defense team

— NBC monitor and survey team

— NBC team

— new equipment introduction team

— new equipment training team

— noncombatant evacuation operation team

— nuclear demolition team

— nuclear effects team

— nuclear emergency team

— observer-shooter team

— on-site contact team

— operational team

— ordnance fire control equipment maintenance team

— ordnance team

— organizational maintenance team

— overwatching team

— penetration team

— prisoner team

— project management team

— project team

— public information team

— public welfare team

— PW interrogation team

— quick reaction team

— radar surveillance team

— radiation detection team

— radiological emergency medical team

— radioteletype team

— raiding team

— range team

— rear area combat operations support team

— reception team

— reclassification team

— reconstitution processing team

— regimental combat team

— regimental landing team

— reinforced armored brigade raiding team

— reinforced mechanized brigade raiding team

— relief team

— remains search and recovery team

— remote monitoring system team

— replacement team

— rescue team

— response team

— rifle team

— runway damage control team

— sabotage alert team

— scout dog team

— scratch team

— search and rescue team

— search team

— security alert team

— security assistance team

— service organization team

— shell report team

— sniper spotter-firer team

— social psychological action team

— Special Air Service team

— special intelligence team

— special operations combat control team

— special weapons team

— spot team

— spray team

— stand-down team

— strike light fire team

— strike team

— supply forward support team

— support/security team

— tactical air control team

— tank company tactical team

— tank-armored infantry team

— tank-helicopter team

— task team

— team abreast

— technical escort team

— technical intelligence team

— terminal guidance team

— tracker team

— trail team

— turn team

— umpire action team

— umpire control team

— underwater warfare team

— vector control team

— warhead installation team

— water purification team

— weapon systems functional analysis team

— wildcat team

— wire maintenance team

— wire-checking team

— Zippo team

* * *

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English-Russian military dictionary > team
14 Chronology

15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.

400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.

202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.

137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.

410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.

714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.

1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.

1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.

1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.

1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.

1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).

1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.

1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.

1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.

1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.

1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.

1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.

1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.

1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.

1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.

1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.

1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.

1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.

1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.

1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.

1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.

1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.

1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).

1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.

1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.

1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.

1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.

   King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.

   King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.

1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.

1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.

1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.

   Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.

   Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.

   Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.

1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.

1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.

1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.

1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.

1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.

1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.

1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.

1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.

1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.

1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.

1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.

1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.

1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.

1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.

1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.

1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.

1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.

1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.

1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.

1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.

1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.

1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.

1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.

1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.

1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.

   Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.

   King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.

1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of

   Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.

   Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.

   King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.

1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.

1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.

1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.

1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.

1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.

1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.

   January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.

   Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.

1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.

1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.

1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.

1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.

1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.

   May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.

   March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.

   Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.

1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.

1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January

1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.

1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."

   28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.

   February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.

   April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.

1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.

1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."

1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.

   6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.

   8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.

1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.

1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.

1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

   January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.

1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.

1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.

1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.

   March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.

   March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.

1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July

1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.

1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).

1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.

1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.

   January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.

   January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.

   November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.

   October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.

   January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.

   May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.

   October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.

   January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).

   United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.

   January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.

   1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).

   May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.

   June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.

   February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.

   January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.

   July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.

2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology
15 ADSC

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Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ADSC
16 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
17 college

колледж, специальное высшее учебное заведение; ( высшие) курсы;

Naval Staff (War) college — Бр. военноморской штабной колледж

Royal Military college of Science (Army) — Бр. военно-научный колледж (СВ)

— Air Command and Staff college

— Air Force Command and Staff college

— Air War college

— Armed Forces Industrial college

— Armed Forces National Military college

— Armed Forces Staff college

— Army Medical college

— Army Navy Staff college

— Army Staff college

— Army War college

— Aviation college

— British Imperial Defence college

— British Joint Services Staff college

— Canadian Service college

— Civil Defence college

— Civil Defence Staff college

— Civilian Preparedness Staff college

— Command and General Staff college

— Community college of the Air Force

— Defence Services Staff college

— Defense Systems Management college

— Home Defence college

— Inter-American Defense college

— Marine Corps Command and Staff college

— Medical War college

— Military Aviation college

— military college

— military junior college

— Military Science college

— Military Technical college

— Ministry of Defence's Joint Service college

— National Civil Defense college

— National Defence college

— NATO Defense college

— Navy Command and Staff college

— Navy Engineering college

— non-ROTC college

— North Atlantic Defense college

— off-duty college

— passed staff college

— RAF college

— RAF Staff college

— ROTC college

— Royal Army Medical college

— Royal college of Defence Studies

— Royal Defence college

— Royal Military college of Canada

— Royal Naval college

— Royal Naval Engineer college

— Royal Naval Staff college

— senior service college

— senior staff college

— service college

— service staff college

— Serviceman's Opportunity college

— Staff college

— student warrant officer career college

— war college

English-Russian military dictionary > college
18 council

совет

Intelligence (Activities Supervision) council — совет по наблюдению за деятельностью разведки (при директоре ЦРУ)

Intelligence Advisory council, NSC — консультативныи совет при СНБ по разведке

joint tactical C3 council — объединенный совет по системам оперативного управления и связи

— Advisory council on Naval Affairs

— Air Force council

— Allied Control council

— Armed Forces Policy council

— Armed Services Development Policy council

— Armed Services Individual Income Tax council

— Army Defence council

— Army Logistics Policy council

— Army Policy council

— Army Systems Acquisition Review council

— Atlantic council in Permanent Ministerial Session

— Atlantic council

— battalion readiness council

— Central American Defense council

— Chaplains' council

— character guidance council

— CIA National council on Intelligence Matters

— community relation advisory council

— council of Defense and Space Industry Associations

— council of National Defense

— council of Voluntary Welfare Work

— council of war

— Defence council

— Defense Economic Analysis council

— Defense System Acquisition Review council

— DOD Congressional Liaison Coordinating council

— drug suppression council

— Exchange council

— Federal Radiation council

— General Staff council

— Human Relations council

— Joint Strategic Survey council

— junior officer council

— Medical Research council

— mess council

— military council

— National Defense Research council

— National Foreign Intelligence council

— National Intelligence council

— National R&D council

— National Security council

— NATO council

— NATO Ministers council

— Natural Resources Defense council

— Naval council of Personnel Boards

— NCO council

— North Atlantic council

— Pan-American Defense council

— Physical Review council

— privates' council

— recreation council

— Reserve Components Coordination council

— service women's council

— systems acquisition review council

— Technical Resources Allocation council

— unit advisory council

English-Russian military dictionary > council
19 strategy

стратегия; см. тж. doctrine, concept, policy

massive (nuclear) reprisal strategy — стратегия «массированного возмездия», стратегия нанесения массированных ответных ЯУ

massive (nuclear) retaliation strategy — стратегия «массированного возмездия», стратегия нанесения массированных ответных ЯУ

— acceptable risk strategy

— accomplished fact strategy

— action-reaction strategy

— active counteraction strategy

— adopt a strategy

— aerospace strategy

— air strategy

— alliance strategy

— allied strategy

— all-out war strategy

— ambiguity strategy

— annihilation strategy

— appropriate reaction strategy

— appropriate response strategy

— area pressure strategy

— asymmetrical containment strategy

— Atlantic strategy

— attrition strategy

— balance of power strategy

— base strategy

— beheading strategy

— block strategy

— Blue Water strategy

— breakthrough strategy

— broad front strategy

— carry out the national military strategy

— coalition defense strategy

— coalition strategy

— conflict strategy

— containment strategy

— continental strategy

— controlled response strategy

— counter containment strategy

— crisis prevention strategy

— dagger-at-the-underbelly strategy

— damage-limiting strategy

— decapitation strategy

— deep-sea strategy

— defense strategy

— defensive strategy

— deferring aggression strategy

— destruction strategy

— deterrence strategy

— deterrent strategy

— develop a strategy

— direct confrontation strategy

— direct strategy

— dissuasion strategy

— double thrust strategy

— facing-all-ways defense strategy

— first-strike strategy

— flexible operations strategy

— flexible option strategy

— flexible reaction strategy

— flexible response counterforce strategy

— flexible response strategy

— force projection strategy

— fortress America strategy

— forward technology strategy

— global strategy

— grab and hold strategy

— graduated response strategy

— grand strategy

— high-cost-of-entry strategy

— high-risk strategy

— independent defense strategy

— indirect strategy

— ink spot strategy

— interventionist strategy

— limited strike strategy

— limited war strategy

— low-risk strategy

— maritime strategy

— massive long-range bombing strategy

— military alliance strategy

— military strategy

— minimax strategy

— minimum deterrence strategy

— minimum medium risk strategy

— mini-nuke strategy

— minor strategy

— missile strategy

— mixed strategy

— multioption nuclear strategy

— multiside selection strategy

— mutual devastation strategy

— mutual-deterrence strategy

— national coordinative operational military strategy

— national security strategy

— national strategy

— naval strategy

— no cities strategy

— nonnuclear strategy

— non-war strategy

— nuclear all-or-nothing strategy

— nuclear option strategy

— nuclear strategy

— nuclear targeting strategy

— nutcracker strategy

— ocean strategy

— offense-only strategy

— offensive forward strategy

— offensive strategy

— operational strategy

— out of city strategy

— Pacific strategy

— peripheral strategy

— phase strategy

— pragmatic strategy

— pre-nuclear strategy

— protracted limited nuclear war strategy

— quiet creeping counterrevolution strategy

— realistic containment strategy

— realistic deterrence strategy

— redirection strategy

— retaliation strategy

— retaliatory strategy

— selective option strategy

— shield and sword strategy

— single weapon strategy

— single-thrust strategy

— sister-city strategy

— small strategy

— space strategy

— stable deterrence strategy

— stalemate strategy

— strike second strategy

— strike-back only strategy

— superior counteraction strategy

— symmetrical containment strategy

— tactical nuclear strategy

— tactical strategy

— total force strategy

— total strategy

— total war strategy

— transmission time strategy

— trigger strategy

— two-up-one-back strategy

— victory-through-airpower strategy

— war-fighting strategy

— war-winning strategy

— wearing-out strategy

English-Russian military dictionary > strategy
20 AIDS

1) Общая лексика: СПИД, синдром приобретённого иммунного дефицита, синдром приобретённого иммунодефицита

2) Медицина: (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) СПИД (Синдром приобретённого иммунодефицита)

3) Военный термин: ADCOM Information Display System, Advanced Identification System, Air Force intelligence data system, American Invention To Disrupt Sex, Army information and data system, Army inventory of data systems, Atlantic Institute for Defense Study, Automated Infantry Data System, action information display system, administrative information data system, advanced integrated data system, advanced integrated display system, aerospace intelligence data system, airborne information display system, aircraft integrated data system, aircraft intrusion detection system, automated information data system, automated information dissemination system, automated integrated data system, automated inventory distribution system

4) Техника: automated identification division system, automated information directory service, automated intelligence data system, automatic intelligence data system, automation instrument data service

5) Шутливое выражение: American Invention To Discourage Sex, As If Doing Something

6) Метеорология: Air Improvement Disruption Syndrome

7) Грубое выражение: Adios Infected Dick Suckers, All In Deep Shit, Anally Injected Death Sentence, Another Infected Dick Sucker, Another Infected Dying Sodomite, Arsehole Injected Death Sentence, As I Die Slowly, Asshole Infected Don't Screw, Asshole Infected Dont Screw, Asshole Injected Death Sentence, I'm a lame ass.

8) Сокращение: Acoustic Intelligence Data System, Advanced Integrated Display System (USA), Airborne Integrated Data System, acquired immune deficiency syndrome

9) Физиология: Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

10) Вычислительная техника: Automatic Installation and Diagnostic Service, синдром приобретённого инфицирования диска

11) Иммунология: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

12) Автоматика: advanced interactive debugging system

13) Авиационная медицина: airborne integrated display system

14) AMEX. Almost Ideal Demand System

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > AIDS

Страницы

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Atlantic Air Defense force

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Atlantic Air Defense force

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